編譯 | 馮維維
Nature, 16 October 2025, Volume 646 Issue 8085
《自然》2025年10月16日，第646卷，8085期
物理學Physics
Efficient quantum thermal simulation
高效量子熱模擬
▲ 作者：HChi-Fang Chen, Michael Kastoryano, Fernando G. S. L. Brand?o & András Gilyén
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09583-x
▲ 摘要：量子計算機有望解決經典計算機難以處理的量子模擬問題。盡管目前已開發出多種用于模擬量子動力學的量子算法，但適用于模擬低溫量子現象的通用方法仍屬空白。在經典計算領域，從熱分布中采樣的類似任務已主要通過馬爾可夫鏈蒙特卡洛（MCMC）方法得到解決。
研究者提出了一種高效的量子熱模擬算法——該算法類似MCMC方法，具有細致平衡特性，遵循局域性原理，可作為開放量子系統中熱化過程的理想模型。MCMC方法的持久影響力預示著我們提出的新架構將在量子計算及其在物理科學等領域的應用中發揮同等重要的作用。
▲ Abstract：Quantum computers promise to tackle quantum simulation problems that are classically intractable. Although a lot of quantum algorithms have been developed for simulating quantum dynamics, a general-purpose method for simulating low-temperature quantum phenomena remains unknown. In classical settings, the analogous task of sampling from thermal distributions has been largely addressed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Here we propose an efficient quantum algorithm for thermal simulation that—akin to MCMC methods—exhibits detailed balance, respects locality and serves as a toy model for thermalization in open quantum systems. The enduring impact of MCMC methods suggests that our new construction may play an equally important part in quantum computing and applications in the physical sciences and beyond.
In-plane dielectric constant and conductivity of confined water
受限水的面內介電常數與導電性
▲ 作者：R. Wang, M. Souilamas, A. Esfandiar, R. Fabregas, S. Benaglia, H. Nevison-Andrews, Q. Yang, J. Normansell, P. Ares, G. Ferrari, A. Principi, A. K. Geim & L. Fumagalli
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09558-y
▲摘要：水是地球上幾乎所有生命活動不可或缺的物質，其性質已被深入研究。然而對于界面水和強受限水的電學特性人們仍知之甚少——這類水的分子結構會偏離體相水，形成明顯的分層特征。
這種結構變化預計將影響水的導電性，尤其會改變其極化率，進而調控在眾多物理化學過程中起關鍵作用的分子間作用力。本研究采用掃描介電顯微技術，探測了在間距小至1納米的原子級平整表面間受限水的面內電學性質。
當受限尺度超過數納米時，水面內介電常數接近體相水，質子電導率顯著增強，且隨水層厚度減小持續上升。但當受限水僅剩數個分子層厚度時，該趨勢發生突變：其面內介電常數達到約1000的鐵電體級高值，電導率則在數Sm-1處達到峰值，接近超離子液體的特征值。
研究者將這種增強效應歸因于少分子層受限誘導的強烈氫鍵無序化，這種無序化既促進了分子偶極子的面內極化，也加速了質子交換過程。對納米受限水電學特性的這一深刻認識，對于理解水界面和納米孔道中發生的諸多現象具有重要意義。
▲ Abstract：Water is essential for almost every aspect of life on our planet and, unsurprisingly, its properties have been studied in great detail. However, disproportionately little remains known about the electrical properties of interfacial and strongly confined water, in which the structure deviates from that of bulk water, becoming distinctly layered. The structural change is expected to affect the conductivity of water and particularly its polarizability, which in turn modifies intermolecular forces that play a crucial role in many physical and chemical processes. Here we use scanning dielectric microscopy (SDM)10 to probe the in-plane electrical properties of water confined between atomically flat surfaces separated by distances down to 1 nm. For confinement exceeding several nanometres, water exhibits an in-plane dielectric constant close to that of bulk water and its proton conductivity is notably enhanced, gradually increasing with decreasing water thickness. This trend abruptly changes when the confined water becomes only a few molecules thick. Its in-plane dielectric constant reaches large, ferroelectric-like values of about 1,000, whereas the conductivity peaks at several Sm-1, close to values characteristic of superionic liquids. We attribute the enhancement to strongly disordered hydrogen bonding induced by the few-layer confinement, which facilitates both easier in-plane polarization of molecular dipoles and faster proton exchange. This insight into the electrical properties of nanoconfined water is important for understanding many phenomena that occur at aqueous interfaces and in nanoscale pores.
Long-distance remote epitaxy
遠距離遠程外延
▲ 作者：Ru Jia, Yan Xin, Mark Potter, Jie Jiang, Zixu Wang, Hanxue Ma, Zhihao Zhang, Zhizhuo Liang, Lifu Zhang, Zonghuan Lu, Ruizhe Yang, Saloni Pendse, Yang Hu, Kai Peng, Yilin Meng, Wei Bao, Jun Liu, Gwo-Ching Wang, Toh-Ming Lu, Yunfeng Shi, Hanwei Gao & Jian Shi
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09484-z
▲摘要：遠程外延通過遠程相互作用在薄膜與襯底之間建立外延關系，使得高質量單晶外延層能夠被轉移并與其他關鍵技術襯底集成。學界普遍認為，在遠程外延過程中，由于原子級波動的電勢在幾個原子距離后便會迅速衰減至可忽略的數值，遠程相互作用在外延過程中起主導作用的有效距離應小于1納米。
研究者首次實現了2-7納米大間距條件下的遠程外延。他們通過實驗演示了CsPbBr3薄膜在NaCl襯底、KCl薄膜在KCl襯底以及ZnO微米棒在GaN襯底上的遠距離遠程外延，發現每個遠程外延的ZnO微米棒下方均存在GaN襯底的位錯。
這些發現表明，通過利用缺陷介導的遠距離遠程相互作用，可以對遠程外延進行定向設計與工程化調控。
▲ Abstract：Remote epitaxy, in which an epitaxial relation is established between a film and a substrate through remote interactions, enables the development of high-quality single crystalline epilayers and their transfer to and integration with other technologically crucial substates. It is commonly believed that in remote epitaxy, the distance within which the remote interaction can play a leading part in the epitaxial process is less than 1 nm, as the atomically resolved fluctuating electric potential decays very rapidly to a negligible value after a few atomic distances. Here we show that it is possible to achieve remote epitaxy when the epilayer–substrate distance is as large as 2–7 nm. We experimentally demonstrate long-distance remote epitaxy of CsPbBr3 film on an NaCl substrate, KCl film on a KCl substrate and ZnO microrods on GaN, and show that a dislocation in the GaN substrate exists immediately below every remotely epitaxial ZnO microrod. These findings indicate that remote epitaxy could be designed and engineered by means of harnessing defect-mediated long-distance remote interactions.
Integrated lithium niobate photonics for sub-?ngstr?m snapshot spectroscopy
實現亞埃級瞬時光譜測量的集成鈮酸鋰光子平臺
▲ 作者：Zhiyang Yao, Shuyang Liu, Yingce Wang, Xiaoyun Yuan & Lu Fang
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09591-x
▲ 摘要：光譜學作為判定物質結構與化學成分的關鍵技術，已廣泛應用于眾多科學領域。傳統光譜技術受限于窄縫或光柵結構，必須在光譜分辨率與光學透射率之間進行權衡，因而無法同時實現高靈敏度與高效率測量。研究者提出名為RAFAEL的亞埃級超高通量瞬時光譜技術，該技術基于鈮酸鋰集成可重構光子器件，成功突破了上述局限。
其核心設計采用體塊鈮酸鋰作為干涉掩模，具備像素級電控光譜響應能力，在保持高光學透射率的同時實現了皮米級光譜調制。該技術可在400-1000納米波段實現0.5埃光譜分辨率（R=12,000）、2048×2048空間分辨率及73.2%總透射率，并以88赫茲速率完成瞬時光譜采集。經大量實驗驗證，相較于前沿光譜成像技術，RAFAEL在總透射率上提升兩倍，光譜分辨率更是實現近兩個數量級的突破。
特別值得關注的是，RAFAEL在單次采集中即可捕獲包含所有原子吸收峰的亞埃級光譜數據，同步獲取多達5600顆恒星的光譜信息，相較世界頂級天文光譜儀將觀測效率提升100至10,000倍。這種高性能且易于集成的瞬時光譜測量方法，有望推動從材料科學到天體物理等領域的跨越式發展。
▲ Abstract：Spectroscopy is a pivotal tool for determining the physical structures and chemical compositions of materials and environments, and it is commonly used across diverse scientific fields. Conventionally, spectroscopic techniques rely on narrow slits or gratings, which impose a trade-off between spectral resolution and optical transmittance, thus precluding measurements with simultaneous high sensitivity and high efficiency. Here we introduce RAFAEL, a sub-?ngstr?mm ultra-high-transmittance snapshot spectroscopic technique, which targets this trade-off with integrated and reconfigurable photonics based on lithium niobate. Its design comprises bulk lithium niobate as an interference mask with a pixel-wise electrically tunable spectral response and delivers picometre-scale modulation with a high optical transmittance. Our approach achieves 88-Hz snapshot spectroscopy with a spectral resolution of approximately 0.5? at 400–1,000 nm (R = 12,000), spatial resolution of 2,048 × 2,048 and 73.2% total optical transmittance. Compared with state-of-the-art spectroscopic imagers RAFAEL offers double the total transmittance and a nearly two orders of magnitude improvement in spectral resolving power, as verified by extensive experiments. In particular, RAFAEL captured sub-?ngstr?m spectra, including all atomic absorption peaks, of up to 5,600 stars in a single snapshot, indicating ×100–10,000 improvement in observational efficiency compared with world-class astronomical spectrometers. This high-performing yet easily integrated snapshot spectroscopic method could drive advances in fields ranging from material science to astrophysics.
航空裝備Aviation equipment
Proximal cooperative aerial manipulation with vertically stacked drones
近距協作式空中操控系統實現垂直堆疊無人機作業
▲ 作者：Huazi Cao, Jiahao Shen, Yin Zhang, Zheng Fu, Cunjia Liu, Sihao Sun & Shiyu Zhao
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09575-x
▲摘要：實現多旋翼飛行機器人的垂直堆疊近距協作，將有助于執行復雜空中操控任務。然而由于飛行器間持續存在的強烈下洗流干擾，垂直堆疊近距飛行通常被視為需要規避的危險工況。研究者提出名為“飛行工具箱”的協作空中操控系統，可在垂直堆疊飛行條件下以亞厘米級對接精度穩定工作。
該系統由工具箱微型飛行器與機械臂微型飛行器組成。在高達13.18ms-1的下洗氣流環境中，機械臂飛行器的機器人手臂能與工具箱飛行器攜帶的工具實現自主對接，對接精度達0.80±0.33厘米。通過實現近距空中工具交換，飛行工具箱系統成功化解飛行距離與操控精度之間的矛盾，為多領域應用中的異構交互式飛行機器人協作提供了全新范式。
▲ Abstract：Enabling vertical-stack proximal cooperation between multirotor flying robots can facilitate the execution of complex aerial manipulation tasks. However, vertical-stack proximal flight is commonly regarded as a dangerous condition that should be avoided because of persistent and intense downwash interference generated between flying robots. Here we propose a cooperative aerial manipulation system, called FlyingToolbox, that can work stably with sub-centimetre-level docking accuracy under vertical-stack flight conditions. The system consists of a toolbox micro-aerial vehicle (MAV) and a manipulator MAV. The robotic arm of the manipulator MAV can autonomously dock with a tool carried by the toolbox MAV, in which the docking accuracy reaches 0.80 ± 0.33 cm in the presence of downwash airflow of up to 13.18 m s-1. By enabling midair tool exchange in proximity, FlyingToolbox resolves the paradox between flight proximity and manipulation accuracy, suggesting a new model for heterogeneous and interactive flying robot cooperation in diverse applications.
遺傳學Genetics
Cocaine chemogenetics blunts drug-seeking by synthetic physiology
可卡因化學遺傳學通過合成生理學機制抑制藥物尋求行為
▲ 作者：Juan L. Gomez, Christopher J. Magnus, Jordi Bonaventura, Oscar Solis, Fallon P. Curry, Marjorie R. Levinstein, Reece C. Budinich, Meghan L. Carlton, Emilya N. Ventriglia, Sherry Lam, Le Wang, Ingrid Schoenborn, William Dunne, Michael Michaelides & Scott M. Sternson
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09427-8
▲摘要：化學反饋在生理過程中無處不在，但若不對基礎功能產生干擾，則難以進行研究。成癮性藥物即為典型實例：它們通過作用于大腦增強多巴胺信號傳導[1-3]，引發藥物尋求與攝入的正反饋循環。然而，通過改變基礎多巴胺水平來干預此過程，也會對學習、運動、注意力和覺醒產生負面影響。
受生理調控系統啟發，研究者開發了一種高選擇性的合成生理學方法，通過在該身體—大腦信號環路中植入可卡因依賴的逆向信號過程，來干預成癮的正反饋循環。我們利用蛋白質工程創建了對可卡因具有選擇性響應的門控離子通道（相較于其他藥物及內源性分子）。將興奮型可卡因門控通道表達于大鼠韁核外側區（一個通常被可卡因抑制的腦區），可抑制可卡因自我給藥行為，且不影響食物驅動力。這一人工構建的可卡因激活化學遺傳過程，降低了可卡因誘導的伏隔核區細胞外多巴胺升高。
研究結果表明，可卡因化學遺傳學是一種通過可卡因存在時鉗制多巴胺釋放來對抗藥物強化的選擇性方法。未來，或可針對其他成癮性藥物、激素及代謝物開發化學遺傳學受體，助力采用合成生理學方法探索其神經環路機制。由于這些化學遺傳學離子通道對可卡因具有特異性（不響應自然獎賞），它們也可能為可卡因成癮的基因治療開辟新途徑。
▲ Abstract：Chemical feedback is ubiquitous in physiology but is challenging to study without perturbing basal functions. One example is addictive drugs, which elicit a positive-feedback cycle of drug-seeking and ingestion by acting on the brain to increase dopamine signalling1,2,3. However, interfering with this process by altering basal dopamine also adversely affects learning, movement, attention and wakefulness. Here, inspired by physiological control systems, we developed a highly selective synthetic physiology approach to interfere with the positive-feedback cycle of addiction by installing a cocaine-dependent opposing signalling process into this body–brain signalling loop. We used protein engineering to create cocaine-gated ion channels that are selective for cocaine over other drugs and endogenous molecules. Expression of an excitatory cocaine-gated channel in the rat lateral habenula, a brain region that is normally inhibited by cocaine, suppressed cocaine self-administration without affecting food motivation. This artificial cocaine-activated chemogenetic process reduced the cocaine-induced extracellular dopamine rise in the nucleus accumbens. Our results show that cocaine chemogenetics is a selective approach for countering drug reinforcement by clamping dopamine release in the presence of cocaine. In the future, chemogenetic receptors could be developed for additional addictive drugs or hormones and metabolites, which would facilitate efforts to probe their neural circuit mechanisms using a synthetic physiology approach. As these chemogenetic ion channels are specific for cocaine over natural rewards, they may also offer a route towards gene therapies for cocaine addiction.
本文鏈接：《自然》（20251016出版）一周論文導讀http://www.sq15.cn/show-11-27200-0.html
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