Nature, 24 July 2025, Volume 643 Issue 8073
《自然》，2025年7月24日，第643卷，8073期
物理學Physics
Silicate clouds and a circumplanetary disk in the YSES-1 exoplanet systemYSES-1
系外行星系統中的硅酸鹽云與環行星盤
▲ 作者：K. K. W. Hoch, M. Rowland, S. Petrus, E. Nasedkin, C. Ingebretsen, J. Kammerer, M. Perrin, V. D’Orazi, W. O. Balmer, T. Barman, M. Bonnefoy, G. Chauvin, C. Chen, R. J. De Rosa, J. Girard, E. Gonzales, M. Kenworthy, Q. M. Konopacky, B. Macintosh, S. E. Moran, C. V. Morley, P. Palma-Bifani, L. Pueyo, B. Ren, …Y. Zhang
▲ 鏈接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09174-w
▲ 摘要：年輕的系外行星為理解行星形成與大氣演化提供了重要橋梁。YSES-1系統擁有兩顆圍繞類太陽恒星運行的行星，是研究系外行星這一早期演化階段的理想實驗室。
研究者報道了通過其9-11微米吸收特征，直接觀測到系外行星YSES-1 c大氣中的硅酸鹽云；并首次在其伴星行星YSES-1 b周圍探測到來自環行星盤的硅酸鹽發射譜。
YSES-1 c的云層由非晶態富鐵輝石組成，或是非晶態硅酸鎂與鎂橄欖石的混合物，在1毫巴壓力層處，其顆粒尺寸≤0.1微米。研究者將YSES-1 b周圍盤狀結構發出的輻射歸因于亞微米級橄欖石塵埃顆粒，這些顆粒可能是由行星形成物質在盤中的碰撞所產生。
▲ Abstract：Young exoplanets provide an important link between understanding planet formation and atmospheric evolution. Here we report the direct observations of silicate clouds in the atmosphere of the exoplanet YSES-1 c through its 9–11?μm absorption feature, and the first circumplanetary disk silicate emission around its sibling planet, YSES-1 b. The clouds of YSES-1 c are composed of either amorphous iron-enriched pyroxene or a combination of amorphous MgSiO3 and Mg2SiO4, with particle sizes of ≤0.1?μm at 1?millibar pressure. We attribute the emission from the disk around YSES-1 b to be from submicron olivine dust grains, which may have formed through collisions of planet-forming bodies in the disk.
Single nuclear spin detection and control in a van der Waals material
范德華材料中的單核自旋檢測與控制
▲ 作者：Xingyu Gao, Sumukh Vaidya, Kejun Li, Zhun Ge, Saakshi Dikshit, Shimin Zhang, Peng Ju, Kunhong Shen, Yuanbin Jin, Yuan Ping & Tongcang Li
▲ 鏈接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09258-7
▲ 摘要：固體中的光學活性自旋缺陷是量子傳感和量子網絡的主要候選者。最近，在層狀范德華（vdW）材料六方氮化硼（hBN）中發現了單自旋缺陷。由于其二維結構，hBN允許自旋缺陷比在三維晶體中更靠近目標樣品，這使其成為原子尺度量子傳感的理想平臺。然而，這些缺陷的化學結構仍然未知，并且利用hBN自旋缺陷檢測單個核自旋一直難以實現。
研究者報告了使用C13離子注入在hBN中創建單自旋缺陷，并基于超精細相互作用識別出三種不同的缺陷類型。他們在同一類六方氮化硼自旋缺陷中觀測到了S =1/2和S=1兩種自旋態，展示了在范德華材料中進行原子尺度核磁共振以及對單個核自旋的相干控制，其π門保真度在室溫下高達99.75%。
通過將實驗結果與密度泛函理論（DFT）計算進行比較，他們提出了這些自旋缺陷可能的化學結構。該工作增進了對hBN中單自旋缺陷的理解，并為利用具有核自旋（作為量子存儲器）的hBN自旋缺陷來增強量子傳感提供了一條途徑。
▲ Abstract：Optically active spin defects in solids are leading candidates for quantum sensing and quantum networking. Recently, single spin defects were discovered in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), a layered van der Waals (vdW) material. Owing to its two-dimensional structure, hBN allows spin defects to be positioned closer to target samples than in three-dimensional crystals, making it ideal for atomic-scale quantum sensing, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of single molecules. However, the chemical structures of these defects remain unknown and detecting a single nuclear spin with a hBN spin defect has been elusive. Here we report the creation of single spin defects in hBN using 13C ion implantation and the identification of three distinct defect types based on hyperfine interactions. We observed both S?=?1/2 and S?=?1 spin states within a single hBN spin defect. We demonstrated atomic-scale NMR and coherent control of individual nuclear spins in a vdW material, with a π-gate fidelity up to 99.75% at room temperature. By comparing experimental results with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose chemical structures for these spin defects. Our work advances the understanding of single spin defects in hBN and provides a pathway to enhance quantum sensing using hBN spin defects with nuclear spins as quantum memories.
生物學Biology
Rapid emergence of a maths gender gap in first grade
一年級數學性別差異快速顯現
▲ 作者：P. Martinot, B. Colnet, T. Breda, J. Sultan, L. Touitou, P. Huguet, E. Spelke, G. Dehaene-Lambertz, P. Bressoux & S. Dehaene
▲鏈接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09126-4
▲摘要：防止數學領域的性別差異是全球關注的問題。在嬰兒期和幼兒期，男孩和女孩在數與空間的核心認知能力上表現相似。因此，數學中的性別差異通常被認為主要反映了“女孩數學差”這一社會文化刻板印象的內化。然而，這種刻板印象在何時、何地以及多廣泛的人群中根深蒂固，目前仍不明確。
研究者報告了一項為期4年的縱向評估結果，該評估涵蓋了法國所有一、二年級學生（2653082名兒童）的語言和數學表現。入學時，男孩和女孩的數學成績非常接近。但入學僅4個月后，偏向男孩的數學性別差異已變得高度顯著，并在1年后達到了約0.20的效應量。這些發現每年都重復出現，并且在不同家庭、班級或學校類型以及社會經濟水平下僅有輕微變化。
盡管學校教育與年齡相關，但利用近乎正交的變異性進行分析表明，性別差異的擴大主要與接受學校教育的時間相關，而非單純與年齡增長相關。這些發現指出，小學一年級是數學性別差距（偏向男孩）形成的時間和場所，從而有助于聚焦解決方案與干預措施的探索方向。
▲ Abstract：Preventing gender disparities in mathematics is a worldwide preoccupation. In infancy and early childhood, boys and girls exhibit similar core knowledge of number and space. Gender disparities in maths are, therefore, thought to primarily reflect an internalization of the sociocultural stereotype that ‘girls are bad at maths’. However, where, when and how widely this stereotype becomes entrenched remains uncertain. Here, we report the results of a 4-year longitudinal assessment of language and mathematical performance of all French first and second graders (2,653,082 children). Boys and girls exhibited very similar maths scores upon school entry, but a gender gap in favour of boys became highly significant after 4?months of schooling and reached an effect size of about 0.20 after 1?year. These findings were repeated each year and varied only slightly across family, class or school type and socio-economic level. Although schooling correlated with age, exploiting the near-orthogonal variations indicated that the gender gap increased with schooling rather than with age. These findings point to the first year of school as the time and place where a maths gender gap emerges in favour of boys, thus helping focus the search for solutions and interventions.
Bogong moths use a stellar compass for long-distance navigation at night
布岡夜蛾利用恒星羅盤進行夜間長途導航
▲ 作者：David Dreyer, Andrea Adden, Hui Chen, Barrie Frost, Henrik Mouritsen, Jingjing Xu, Ken Green, Mary Whitehouse, Javaan Chahl, Jesse Wallace, Gao Hu, James Foster, Stanley Heinze & Eric Warrant
▲鏈接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09135-3
▲摘要：每年春季，數十億只布岡夜蛾為了躲避澳大利亞東南部的炎熱氣候，會遷徙長達1000公里，前往一個它們從未涉足之地——澳大利亞阿爾卑斯山脈中數量有限的涼爽洞穴（歷史上用于夏眠）。初秋時節，這些相同的個體會進行返程遷徙，飛回它們的繁殖地繁衍后代并死亡。
研究者揭示了布岡夜蛾利用繁星點點的夜空作為羅盤來辨別特定的地理方向，從而沿著它們遺傳的遷徙方向導航，飛向遙遠的目的地。通過將春季和秋季遷徙的蛾子固定在飛行模擬器中，他們發現，在無月的自然夜空下以及抵消地磁場的環境中（使其已知的磁感能力失效），飛蛾仍能朝著季節性適宜的遷徙方向飛行。
飛蛾大腦不同區域的視覺中間神經元對夜空的旋轉表現出特異性響應，并且這些神經元被調諧到一個共同的天空朝向：當飛蛾頭部朝向南方時，其放電活動達到峰值。研究結果表明，布岡夜蛾利用天體線索（恒星）和地球磁場構建了一個穩健的羅盤系統，用于在夜間進行長距離導航，飛向特定的目的地。
▲ Abstract：Each spring, billions of Bogong moths escape hot conditions across southeast Australia by migrating up to 1,000?km to a place that they have never previously visited—a limited number of cool caves in the Australian Alps, historically used for aestivating over summer. At the beginning of autumn, the same individuals make a return migration to their breeding grounds to reproduce and die. Here we show that Bogong moths use the starry night sky as a compass to distinguish between specific geographical directions, thereby navigating in their inherited migratory direction towards their distant goal. By tethering spring and autumn migratory moths in a flight simulator, we found that, under naturalistic moonless night skies and in a nulled geomagnetic field (disabling the moth’s known magnetic sense), moths flew in their seasonally appropriate migratory directions. Visual interneurons in different regions of the moth’s brain responded specifically to rotations of the night sky and were tuned to a common sky orientation, firing maximally when the moth was headed southwards. Our results suggest that Bogong moths use stellar cues and the Earth’s magnetic field to create a robust compass system for long-distance nocturnal navigation towards a specific destination.
大氣化學與大氣物理學
Atmospheric chemistry & Atmospheric physics
Trade-offs in aviation impacts on climate favour non-CO2 mitigation
航空氣候影響的權衡分析支持非二氧化碳減排措施
▲ 作者：Michael J. Prather, Andrew Gettelman & Joyce E. Penner
▲ 鏈接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09198-2
▲ 摘要：對民用航空的氣候影響評估一直主要量化三個主導性的氣候強迫組分：（1）CO2排放；（2）NOx(NO+NO2)排放；以及（3）持續性航跡云。這三組分均產生正輻射強迫（RF），并導致量級相近的氣候變暖。航空界正積極尋求通過先進發動機技術、更可持續的航空燃料和優化飛行路徑來減少其氣候足跡。
這些方法通常涉及CO2與非CO2（NOx或航跡云）之間的權衡，例如，多燃燒1%的燃料以減少4%的航跡云輻射強迫。研究表明，基于輻射強迫組分的不確定性推導出的氣候權衡風險曲線，能夠給出特定權衡比產生氣候效益的概率。
對于每種組分，研究者計算了一年飛行活動產生的綜合有效輻射強迫：即每項活動的全球變暖當量（GWA）。非CO2GWA與CO2GWA比值的互補累積概率分布生成了一條氣候權衡風險曲線，該曲線給出了氣候正效益發生的可能性，作為CO2權衡增量與非CO2權衡減量之比（即權衡比）的函數。這是因為兩者的GWA×權衡量應該相等。
他們發現，對于上述建議的1：4（CO2：非CO2）權衡比，在100年時間尺度上實現氣候減緩的可能性為 67%（很可能）。這支持了那些權衡比小于1：4的非CO2減排方案。
▲ Abstract：Climate assessments of civil aviation have consistently quantified the dominant climate-forcing components: (1) CO2 emissions, (2) NOx (NO?+?NO2) emissions and (3) persistent contrails. All three components exert a positive radiative forcing (RF) and lead to climate warming of similar magnitudes. The aviation community is actively seeking to reduce its climate footprint through advanced engine technologies, more sustainable aviation fuel and optimal routing plans. These approaches usually involve a trade-off of CO2 against NOx or contrails (non-CO2), such as burning 1% more fuel to decrease contrail RF by 4%. Here, we show that a climate-trade-off risk curve derived from uncertainties in the RF components can give the probability that a specified trade-off ratio will produce a climate benefit. For each component, we calculate the integrated effective RF resulting from 1?year of flights: global warming per activity (GWA). The complementary cumulative probability distribution of the GWA(non-CO2) to GWA(CO2) ratio results in a climate-trade-off risk curve giving the likelihood of a positive climate outcome as a function of the trade-off-CO2 to trade-off-non-CO2 ratio, because the product, GWA?×?trade-off, should be the same for both. We find a likely (67%) chance of climate mitigation on a 100-year time horizon for the above suggested ratio of 1:4, favouring proposed non-CO2 mitigation efforts with ratios smaller than this.
Decadal changes in atmospheric circulation detected in cloud motion vectors
云運動矢量揭示的大氣環流年代際變化
▲ 作者：Larry Di Girolamo, Guangyu Zhao, Gan Zhang, Zhuo Wang, Jesse Loveridge & Arka Mitra
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09242-1
▲摘要：變化中的大氣環流會改變全球天氣模式及其極端事件，深刻影響人類社會和生態系統。基于大氣再分析和氣候模型數據的研究表明，近幾十年來環流呈現出多種變化，但它們在變化幅度乃至方向上均存在差異，這凸顯了利用獨立、氣候級質量觀測進行驗證的迫切需求。
研究者利用多角度成像光譜輻射計（MISR）衛星觀測的、具有高度分辨率的云運動矢量，展示了過去二十年中對流層環流發生的統計顯著變化。中緯度地區的上對流層云運動速度已加快，增幅達約4米/秒·每十年。這種加速主要源于經向流的增強，可能預示著風暴路徑向極地偏移或溫帶氣旋強度增大。
北半球和南半球熱帶區域分別以0.42±0.22和0.02±0.14°緯度/每十年（95%置信區間）的速率向極地移動；而相應的極鋒則以0.37±0.31和0.31±0.21°緯度/每十年的速率移動。
研究還表明，將廣泛使用的ERA5再分析風場數據降采樣至MISR分辨率后，其氣候平均值和變化趨勢與MISR數據高度吻合，但也揭示出ERA5數據可能在上對流層存在偏差。
這些基于MISR的觀測結果為改進再分析數據和氣候模型提供了關鍵基準，有助于推動人們理解氣候變化對云和大氣環流的影響。
▲ Abstract：Changing atmospheric circulations shift global weather patterns and their extremes, profoundly affecting human societies and ecosystems. Studies using atmospheric reanalysis and climate model data indicate diverse circulation changes in recent decades but show discrepancies in magnitude and even direction, underscoring the urgent need for validation with independent, climate-quality measurements. Here we show statistically significant changes in tropospheric circulation over the past two decades using satellite-observed, height-resolved cloud motion vectors from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR). Upper tropospheric cloud motion speeds in the mid-latitudes have increased by up to about 4?m?s?1?decade?1. This acceleration is primarily because of the strengthening of meridional flow, potentially indicating more poleward storm tracks or intensified extratropical cyclones. The Northern and Southern Hemisphere tropics shifted poleward at rates of 0.42?±?0.22 and 0.02?±?0.14°?latitude?decade?1 (95% confidence interval), respectively, whereas the corresponding polar fronts shifted at rates of 0.37?±?0.31 and 0.31?±?0.21° latitude?decade?1. We also show that the widely used ERA5 reanalysis winds subsampled to the MISR are in good agreement with the climatological values and trends of the MISR but indicate probable ERA5 biases in the upper troposphere. These MISR-based observations provide critical benchmarks for refining reanalysis and climate models to advance our understanding of climate change impacts on cloud and atmospheric circulations.
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