編譯|未玖
Science, 7 AUG 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6760
《科學》，2025年8月7日，第389卷，6760期
物理學Physics
Single-photon detection enabled by negative differential conductivity in moiré superlattices
莫爾超晶格中利用負微分電導率實現單光子探測
▲ 作者：KRYSTIAN NOWAKOWSKI, HITESH AGARWAL, SERGEY SLIZOVSKIY, ROBIN SMEYERS, XUEQIAO WANG, ZHIREN ZHENG, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu5329
▲ 摘要：
單個光量子探測對于量子信息、空間探索、先進機器視覺和基礎科學至關重要。
在這項工作中，研究組介紹了一種利用莫爾材料中高光敏非平衡電子相的單光子探測機制。利用雙層石墨烯/六方氮化硼超晶格中的可調諧帶，他們設計了負微分電導和能夠探測單光子的靈敏雙穩(wěn)態(tài)。在這種狀態(tài)下，研究組展示了在中紅外（11.3微米）和可見波長（675納米）以及溫度高達25開爾文下的單光子計數。
該探測器為寬帶高溫量子技術提供了前景，與互補的金屬氧化物半導體兼容，可無縫集成到光子集成電路中。分析結果表明，潛在的機制源于超晶格誘導的負微分速度。
▲ Abstract：
Detecting individual light quanta is essential for quantum information, space exploration, advanced machine vision, and fundamental science. In this work, we introduce a single-photon detection mechanism using highly photosensitive nonequilibrium electron phases in moiré materials. Using tunable bands in bilayer graphene/hexagonal boron nitride superlattices, we engineer negative differential conductance and a sensitive bistable state capable of detecting single photons. Operating in this regime, we demonstrate single-photon counting at mid-infrared (11.3 micrometers) and visible wavelengths (675 nanometers) and temperatures up to 25 kelvin. This detector offers prospects for broadband, high-temperature quantum technologies with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatibility and seamless integration into photonic-integrated circuits. Our analysis suggests that the underlying mechanism originates from superlattice-induced negative differential velocity.
Imaging collective quantum fluctuations of the structure of a complex molecule
復雜分子結構的集體量子漲落成像
▲ 作者：BENO?T RICHARD, REBECCA BOLL, SOURAV BANERJEE, JULIA M. SCH?FER, ZOLTAN JUREK, GREGOR KASTIRKE, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu2637
▲ 摘要：
由于海森堡測不準原理，分子的結構即使在基態(tài)也會圍繞其平均幾何構型漲落。通過實驗觀察這種基本的量子效應（特別是揭示結構量子漲落的集體性質），對于復雜分子而言仍是一個尚未解決的挑戰(zhàn)。
在這項工作中，研究組通過X射線自由電子激光誘導11原子分子的庫侖爆炸實現了這一目標。研究表明，結構漲落表現在通過同步檢測單個分子原子碎片獲得的離子動量的相關變化中。
盡管研究組的測量只覆蓋了整個33維動量空間的一小部分，但該分析方案實現了探測這些變化，從而建立了一種使用庫侖爆炸獲取高維結構動力學信息的通用方法。
▲ Abstract：
Because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the structure of a molecule fluctuates about its mean geometry, even in the ground state. Observing this fundamental quantum effect experimentally—particularly, revealing the collective nature of the structural quantum fluctuations—remains an unmet challenge for complex molecules. In this work, we achieved this for an 11-atom molecule by inducing its Coulomb explosion with an x-ray free-electron laser. We show that the structural fluctuations manifest themselves in correlated variations of ion momenta obtained through coincident detection of the atomic fragments from individual molecules. Our analysis scheme allows extracting these variations, despite our measurements covering only a fraction of the full 33-dimensional momentum space, thereby establishing a general approach for extracting information on high-dimensional structural dynamics using Coulomb explosion.
材料科學Materials Science
Strain-coupled, crystalline polymer-inorganic interfaces for efficient magnetoelectric sensing
應變耦合結晶聚合物-無機界面助力高效磁電傳感
▲ 作者：BINBIN HE, YUANYUAN HE, WENHUI WANG, YINGZHI SUN, SHENGWEN KONG, JIN HUANG, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2741
▲ 摘要：
磁電傳感有望用于柔性傳感器，以最小的功耗提供對電場和磁場的精確檢測。然而，其實際應用受限于磁電效應較弱和整體性能有限，特別是在機械應變下。
研究組通過界面共結晶策略制備了穩(wěn)健的磁電聚合物—無機納米復合材料。通過利用二硒化釩（VSe2）單層上的重氮化學，他們在鐵磁性VSe2和鐵電聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）納米晶體之間創(chuàng)建了一個亞分子平面界面。這種高度結晶的界面幾乎沒有可移動聚合物鏈，從而限制了能量耗散并增強了界面能量傳遞。
該可擴展復合薄膜具有優(yōu)異的磁電性能，磁電容系數為23.6%。這些薄膜實現了超快磁電檢測，與傳統傳感器相比，速度提高了近10倍，有望實現多功能材料（如熱電制冷器）集成到可穿戴設備。
▲ Abstract：
Magnetoelectric sensing holds promise for flexible sensors, offering precise detection of both electric and magnetic fields with minimal power consumption. However, its practical use has been constrained by weak magnetoelectric effects and limited overall performance, particularly under mechanical strain. Herein, we fabricated robust magnetoelectric polymer-inorganic nanocomposites through an interfacial cocrystallization strategy. By leveraging diazonium chemistry on vanadium diselenide (VSe2) monolayers, we created a submolecular-flat interface between ferromagnetic VSe2 and ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocrystals. This highly crystalline interface has few mobile polymer chains and thus limits energy dissipation and enhances interfacial energy transfer. The scalable composite films show exceptional magnetoelectric performance, with a magnetocapacitive coefficient of 23.6%. These films enable ultrafast magnetoelectric detection, approaching a 10-fold increase in speed compared with conventional sensors, and offer opportunities for integrating multifunctional materials such as thermoelectric coolers into wearable devices.
Three-dimensional nucleation and growth of deformation twins in magnesium
鎂中變形孿晶的三維形核與長大
▲ 作者：SANGWON LEE, MICHAEL PILIPCHUK, CAN YILDIRIM, DUNCAN GREELEY, QIANYING SHI, TRACY D. BERMAN, ET AL.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv3460
▲ 摘要：
鎂合金的重量是鋁的三分之二，有望減少交通工具的燃料消耗。這些進步取決于人們優(yōu)化變形孿晶理想效應的能力，變形孿晶是在機械應力下形成的三維（3D）微觀結構域。
此前僅通過表面或薄膜測量來進行表征，研究組使用晶體塑性有限元分析支持的暗場X射線顯微鏡，在介觀視場上對嵌入晶粒內的變形孿晶進行了3D原位表征。結果揭示了三重結在孿晶形核中的作用以及孿晶生長的順序和不規(guī)則性，表明孿晶—晶粒結、孿晶—孿晶結和孿晶界是位錯局部積累的位置。
▲ Abstract：
At two-thirds the weight of aluminum, magnesium alloys have the potential to reduce the fuel consumption of transportation vehicles. These advancements depend on our ability to optimize the desirable versus undesirable effects of deformation twins, which are three-dimensional (3D) microstructural domains that form under mechanical stresses. Previously only characterized through surface or thin-film measurements, we present 3D in situ characterization of deformation twinning inside an embedded grain over mesoscopic fields of view using dark-field x-ray microscopy supported by crystal plasticity finite element analysis. The results revealed the role of triple junctions on twin nucleation and the sequence and irregularity of twin growth and showed that twin-grain junctions, twin-twin junctions, and twin boundaries were the sites of localized dislocation accumulation.
生命科學Life Science
The membrane skeleton is constitutively remodeled in neurons by calcium signaling
膜骨架通過鈣信號傳導在神經元中組成型重塑
▲ 作者：EVAN HELLER HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0009-0005-4405-7089, NAINA KURUP HTTPS://ORCID.ORG/0000-0003-2160-0622, AND XIAOWEI ZHUANG
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn6712
▲ 摘要：
神經元膜骨架采用周期性晶格結構，其中肌動蛋白絲由內收蛋白和原調節(jié)性蛋白覆蓋，形成環(huán)狀結構，沿神經突由光譜蛋白四聚體連接。這種膜相關周期性骨架（MPS）對許多神經元功能都很重要。
使用活細胞超分辨率成像，研究組意外發(fā)現MPS是動態(tài)的，在軸突中進行局部解體和重塑。MPS重塑是由鈣信號驅動的，通過蛋白激酶C介導的內收蛋白磷酸化導致肌動蛋白環(huán)失穩(wěn)，并通過鈣蛋白酶降解光譜蛋白。
Formin是一種肌動蛋白成核和聚合酶，在MPS重塑和維持中起雙重作用。MPS重塑通過神經元活動增強，并在功能上促進內吞作用。該研究結果強調了動態(tài)膜骨架結構在神經元功能中的重要性。
▲ Abstract：
The membrane skeleton in neurons adopts a periodic lattice structure in which actin filaments, capped by adducin and tropomodulin, form ring-shaped structures connected by spectrin tetramers along neurites. This membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS) is important for many neuronal functions. Using live-cell super-resolution imaging, we found that the MPS is surprisingly dynamic, undergoing local disassembly and reformation constitutively in axons. MPS remodeling is driven by calcium signaling, leading to actin-ring destabilization through protein kinase C–mediated adducin phosphorylation and to spectrin degradation by calpain. Formin, an actin-nucleating and -polymerizing enzyme, plays a dual role in MPS remodeling and maintenance. MPS remodeling is enhanced by neuronal activity and functionally facilitates endocytosis. Our results highlight the importance of a dynamic membrane skeletal structure in neuronal function.
Immune system influence on physiology
免疫系統對生理的影響
▲ 作者：MATTHIAS NAHRENDORF, FLORENT GINHOUX AND FILIP K. SWIRSKI
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx4380
▲ 摘要：
免疫系統的核心功能是通過保護機體免受危險的外部和內部壓力源的影響來維持體內平衡。免疫的操作工具箱包含多種過程，如吞噬、抗原識別、細胞殺傷以及細胞因子和抗體的分泌。
盡管免疫細胞之間相互作用，但它們也通常與其他器官系統相關的細胞交流，包括神經、循環(huán)、代謝、肌肉骨骼、內分泌和造血。這種豐富的交叉對話表明免疫力超越了防御和體內平衡：它是一個參與生命所需的許多生理過程的網絡。白細胞通過進入循環(huán)系統并棲息在每個組織中，感知、解釋和調節(jié)生物過程。
在這篇綜述中，研究組重點介紹了最近的研究，這些研究說明了免疫系統調節(jié)生理的雙向和共生關系。
▲ Abstract：
The immune system’s central function is to maintain homeostasis by guarding the organism against dangerous external and internal stressors. Immunity’s operational toolbox contains diverse processes, such as phagocytosis, antigen recognition, cell killing, and secretion of cytokines and antibodies. Although immune cells interact with each other, they also communicate with cells typically associated with other organ systems, including the nervous, circulatory, metabolic, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and hematopoietic. This abundant cross-talk shows that immunity transcends defense and homeostasis: It is a network that participates in many physiological processes necessary for life. By accessing the circulation and inhabiting every tissue, leukocytes sense, interpret, and regulate biological processes. In this Review, we highlight recent studies that illustrate the often bidirectional and symbiotic relationships through which the immune system regulates physiology.
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