編譯｜馮維維
Science, 11 Sep. 2025,Volume 389, Issue 6765
《科學》2025年9月11日，第389卷，6765期
物理學Physics
Directly observing replica symmetry breaking in a vector quantum-optical spin glass
直接觀測矢量量子光學自旋玻璃中的復本對稱破缺
▲ 作者：RONEN M. KROEZE, BRENDAN P. MARSH, DAVID ATRI SCHULLER, HENRY S. HUNT, ALEXANDER N. BOURZUTSCHKY, MICHAEL WINER, SARANG GOPALAKRISHNAN, JONATHAN KEELING , AND BENJAMIN L. LEV
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu7710
▲摘要：自旋玻璃是復雜物質的典型代表。盡管其有序性尚未得到完整的理論闡釋，但自旋玻璃的抽象模型為其他領域的問題（如組合優化和人工智能）提供了理論基礎——它們構成了神經網絡計算的數學根基。
研究者展示了實現一種獨特的驅動耗散型矢量自旋玻璃的能力。通過對其玻璃態自旋進行微觀可視化，該技術使我們能夠直接測量復本對稱破缺及其產生的超度量等級結構。超度量性已知在進化模型、蛋白質折疊和氣候變化研究中涌現；研究表明它可在物理實現的系統中被直接觀測到。
▲ Abstract：Spin glasses are quintessential examples of complex matter. Although their ordering lacks complete theoretical understanding, abstract models of spin glasses inform problems in other fields, such as combinatorial optimization and artificial intelligence—where they form a mathematical basis for neural network computing. We demonstrate the ability to realize a spin glass of a distinct driven-dissipative and vector form. By microscopically visualizing its glassy spin states, the technique allows us to directly measure replica symmetry breaking and the resulting ultrametric hierarchical structure. Ultrametricity is known to be emergent in models of evolution, protein folding, and climate change; this work shows it to be directly observable in a physically realized system.
Drop-printing with dynamic stress release for conformal wrap of bioelectronic interfaces
滴涂印刷技術用于生物電子界面的共形包裹
▲ 作者：AN LI, WENJIANLONG ZHOU, HUIZENG LI, WEI FANG, YIFEI LUO, ZHENG LI, QINGRONG ZHANG, QUAN LIU, QIN XU, AND YANLIN SONG, etc.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw6854
▲摘要：生物電子界面在健康監測、醫療治療及增強現實領域展現出廣闊的應用前景。然而，將這類薄膜器件共形包裹到三維表面上時，往往會因應力作用導致器件損壞。研究提出一種“滴涂印刷”策略，利用液滴實現薄膜的無損傷轉移。液滴在薄膜與目標表面之間充當潤滑層，在薄膜進行形狀自適應變形的過程中助力其局部滑動。
該機制可有效避免薄膜在面內發生拉伸，并降低應力集中現象。即便是非可拉伸、易破損的薄膜，也能完好且精準地包裹到精密表面上，例如微米級微生物和光纖表面。厚度僅為2微米的硅薄膜，無需任何可拉伸性設計，通過在神經和腦組織表面進行滴涂印刷，即可形成共形神經電子界面。該界面能夠實現光控在體神經調控，且具備高時空分辨率。
▲ Abstract：Bioelectronic interfaces demonstrate promising applications in health monitoring, medical treatment, and augmented reality. However, conformally wrapping these film devices onto three-dimensional surfaces often leads to stress-induced damage. We propose a “drop-printing” strategy that enables damage-free film transfer using a droplet. The droplet acts as a lubricating layer between the film and the target surface, facilitating local sliding during shape-adaptive deformation. This mechanism prevents in-plane film stretching and reduces stress concentration. Even nonstretchable and fragile films can be intactly and accurately wrapped onto delicate surfaces, such as microscale microorganisms and optical fibers. Two-micrometer-thick silicon films, without any stretchable engineering, can form conformal neural-electronic interfaces by being drop-printed on nerves and brain tissue. The interfaces achieve light-controlled in vivo neuromodulation with high spatiotemporal resolution.
生態學Ecology
Genomic signatures indicate biodiversity loss in an endemic island ant fauna
基因組特征揭示島嶼特有螞蟻區系的生物多樣性喪失
▲ 作者：CONG LIU, ELI SARNAT, JO ANN TAN, JULIA JANICKI, JOHN DEYRUP, MASAKO OGASAWARA, MIQUEL L. GRAU, LIJUN QIU, FRANCISCO HITA GARCIA, AND EVAN P. ECONOMO, etc.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads3004
▲摘要：全球昆蟲種群數量持續下降，但其下降程度和驅動因素仍存爭議。多數研究依賴于上世紀開展的實地調查，導致我們對長期趨勢的理解存在空白。通過采用“群落基因組學”方法，研究者重建了斐濟群島螞蟻物種數百萬年來的群落組裝過程，并分析了其近期的種群動態趨勢。
研究發現，79%的特有物種種群數量持續下降，這種下降始于約3000年前人類抵達該地區，并在過去300年間持續加速；而近期遷入的物種則呈現擴張態勢。特有物種種群衰退的主要關聯因素是對棲息地干擾的敏感性。研究證明了當代標本采集對于評估長期群落趨勢的價值，凸顯了島嶼特有物種對人為變化的脆弱性。
▲ Abstract：Insect populations have declined worldwide, but the extent and drivers of these declines are debated. Most studies rely on field surveys performed in the past century, leaving gaps in our understanding of longer-term trends. Using a “community genomics” approach, we estimated community assembly over millions of years and more recent demographic trends of ant species in the Fijian archipelago. We found that 79% of endemic species are in decline, starting after the arrival of humans approximately 3000 years ago and accelerating in the past 300 years, whereas recent arrivals are expanding. The primary correlate of population decline among endemic species was found to be sensitivity to habitat disturbance. This study demonstrates the value of contemporary collections for estimating long-term community trends and highlights the vulnerability of endemic island species to anthropogenic change.
Fire heat affects the impacts of wildfires on air pollution in the United States
火災熱量對美國野火空氣污染影響的作用機制
▲ 作者：QIHAN MA, LINYI WEI, YONG WANG, GUANG J. ZHANG, XINLIN ZHOU, AND BIN WANG
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads1957
▲ 摘要：傳統觀點認為，美國西部的野火會因氣溶膠排放及向東傳輸，導致全美空氣質量下降。然而，研究發現，野火產生的熱量（一種常被忽視的影響因素）在火災季可降低美國東部的細顆粒物（PM2.5）濃度，其降低幅度與美國西部PM2.5的升高幅度相當。
這一現象源于美國西部由火災熱量引發的對流運動，以及由此導致的遠離火災區域的下游氣象條件變化。火災氣溶膠的濕沉降增強且向東傳輸減弱，共同降低了美國東部的PM2.5水平。因此，若忽視火災熱量對PM2.5污染的影響，將導致額外1200例過早死亡案例及33億美元經濟損失的高估，這一高估效應在人口密集的美國東部尤為顯著。
▲ Abstract：Conventional wisdom suggests that wildfires in the western United States (WUS) degrade air quality nationwide as a result of aerosol emissions and eastward transport. However, we found that heat produced by wildfires, a commonly neglected effect, can reduce fine particle concentrations (PM2.5)in the eastern United States (EUS) by an amount comparable to the increases in the WUS during the fire season. This phenomenon arises from fire heat–induced convection in the WUS and subsequent downstream meteorological changes distant from fires. Enhanced wet deposition and weakened eastward transport of fire aerosols lower PM2.5 levels in the EUS. Therefore, neglecting the effect of fire heat on PM2.5 pollution leads to an overestimate of 1200 additional premature deaths and 3.3 billion USD in economic losses, particularly in the densely populated EUS.
有機化學和生物化學
Organic Chemistry & BioChemistry
A main-group metal carbonyl complex: Structure and isomerization to a carbene-stabilized tin atomighl
結構及其向卡賓穩定錫原子的異構化
▲ 作者：MAXIMILIAN DIETZ, ANDREY V. PROTCHENKO, AGAMEMNON E. CRUMPTON, SURENDAR KARWASARA, MATTHEW M. D. ROY, JAMES STEWART-MORENO, CHRISTIANE TIMMEL, AND SIMON ALDRIDGE
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady0247
▲ 摘要：與過渡金屬元素不同，s區和p區金屬化合物在近環境條件下配位一氧化碳（CO）的實例極為罕見。研究者報道了一種可分離的、結晶態的主族金屬羰基配合物及其向卡賓穩定金屬原子的異構化過程。
亞錫烯（Boryl）2Sn可逆配位CO，在低于0℃時形成一種可分離的加合物，并通過X射線晶體學對其進行了表征。該配合物在溫度高于0℃時發生重排，生成錫乙烯基亞卡賓，即一種由三重態卡賓（Boryl）（OBoryl）C與處于電子基態的單原子Sn（0）形成的配合物。
▲ Abstract：In contrast to transition elements, s- and p-block metal compounds that coordinate carbon monoxide (CO) under near-ambient conditions are elusive. Here, we report an isolable, crystalline main-group metal carbonyl complex and its isomerization to a carbene-stabilized metal atom. The stannylene (Boryl)2Sn [where Boryl is B(NDippCH)2] coordinates CO reversibly, affording an isolable adduct below 0°C, which was characterized by x-ray crystallography. This complex rearranges at temperatures above 0°C to generate the stannavinylidene, (Boryl)(OBoryl)C=Sn, that is, a complex between the triplet carbene (Boryl)(OBoryl)C and monatomic Sn(0) in its electronic ground state.
Dual-cycle CO2 fixation enhances growth and lipid synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana雙循環二氧化碳固定提升擬南芥生長及脂質合成效率
▲ 作者：KUAN-JEN LU, CHIA-WEI HSU, WANN-NENG JANE, MIEN-HAO PENG, YA-WEN CHOU, PIN-HSUAN HUANG, KUO-CHEN YEH, SHU-HSING WU, AND JAMES C. LIAO
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp3528
▲ 摘要：植物利用卡爾文-本森-巴沙姆循環將二氧化碳轉化為有機碳化合物，作為生長所需的燃料和結構材料。然而，這種生產力受到初級碳固定酶Rubisco相對低效的限制。
將丙二酰輔酶A甘油酸（McG）循環這一額外代謝途徑引入擬南芥。這些植物將Rubisco活性的次級產物轉化為乙酰輔酶A，隨后可進入內源脂質合成途徑。攜帶McG循環的植物表現出脂質含量、種子產量和整體生物量的提升。該研究為在不直接改變Rubisco性能的前提下增強碳固定和植物生長提供了概念驗證。
▲ Abstract：Plants use the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon compounds, which they use as fuel and construction materials during growth. However, this productivity is limited by the relative inefficiency of the primary carbon fixation enzyme Rubisco. Lu et al. introduced an additional metabolic pathway, the malyl-CoA glycerate (McG) cycle, into Arabidopsis thaliana. These plants convert a secondary product of Rubisco activity into acetyl coenzyme A, which can then feed into endogenous lipid synthesis pathways. Plants with the McG cycle had increased lipids, seed yield, and overall biomass. This work provides a proof of concept for enhancing carbon fixation and plant growth without the need to directly alter Rubisco performance.
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