編譯|未玖
Nature,11 September 2025, Volume 645, Issue 8080
《自然》2025年9月11日，第645卷，8080期
天文學(xué)Astronomy
The emergence of globular clusters and globular-cluster-like dwarfs
球狀星團和球狀星團樣矮星的出現(xiàn)
▲ 作者：Ethan D. Taylor, Justin I. Read, Matthew D. A. Orkney, Stacy Y. Kim, Andrew Pontzen, Oscar Agertz, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09494-x
▲摘要：
球狀星團（GCs）是宇宙中最古老、密度最大的恒星系統(tǒng)之一，但其形成機制仍是一個謎。
研究組提出了一套宇宙學(xué)模擬，其中無暗物質(zhì)的GCs和富含暗物質(zhì)的矮星系在標準宇宙學(xué)框架中自然形成。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些天體占據(jù)尺寸-光度平面上的不同位置，其年齡、年齡分布、金屬豐度和金屬豐度分布與近宇宙中的球狀星團和矮星相吻合。
在該模擬球狀星團中，約半數(shù)通過在宿主矮星系中心附近的規(guī)則恒星形成，其余則由合并觸發(fā)在較遠區(qū)域形成，后者在潮汐上更隔離，更有可能存續(xù)至今。最終，該模型預(yù)測了一類新天體的存在，研究組稱之為“球狀星團樣矮星”（GCDs）。
GCD形成于高紅移時期低質(zhì)量暗物質(zhì)暈中的單次自淬滅恒星形成事件，其觀測特性介于球狀星團和矮星系之間。研究組在銀河系中發(fā)現(xiàn)了幾個矮星系，比如Reticulum?II，它們可能屬于這類新天體。若得以證實，GCD將會對暗物質(zhì)模型和尋找無金屬恒星的新位置進行前所未有的約束。
▲ Abstract：
Globular clusters (GCs) are among the oldest and densest stellar systems in the Universe, yet how they form remains a mystery. Here we present a suite of cosmological simulations in which both dark-matter-free GCs and dark-matter-rich dwarf galaxies naturally emerge in the Standard Cosmology. We show that these objects inhabit distinct locations in the size–luminosity plane and that they have similar ages, age spread, metallicity and metallicity spread to globulars and dwarfs in the nearby Universe. About half of our simulated globulars form by means of regular star formation near the centres of their host dwarf, with the rest forming further out, triggered by mergers. The latter are more tidally isolated and more likely to survive to the present day. Finally, our simulations predict the existence of a new class of object that we call ‘globular-cluster-like dwarfs’ (GCDs). These form from a single, self-quenching, star-formation event in low-mass dark-matter halos at high redshift and have observational properties intermediate between globulars and dwarfs. We identify several dwarfs in our Galaxy, such as Reticulum?II, that could be in this new class. If so, they promise unprecedented constraints on dark-matter models and new sites to search for metal-free stars.
物理學(xué)Physics
Probing non-equilibrium topological order on a quantum processor
在量子處理器上探測非平衡拓撲序
▲ 作者：M. Will, T. A. Cochran, E. Rosenberg, B. Jobst, N. M. Eassa, P. Roushan, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09456-3
▲摘要：
多體系統(tǒng)中的非平衡相構(gòu)成了量子物質(zhì)的新范式，其表現(xiàn)出可能被平衡熱力學(xué)所禁止的動力學(xué)性質(zhì)。在這些非平衡相中，周期性驅(qū)動（Floquet）系統(tǒng)因其高度糾纏而通常難以進行經(jīng)典模擬。
研究組在超導(dǎo)量子比特陣列上實現(xiàn)了此前理論預(yù)言的Floquet拓撲有序態(tài)。他們對其手性邊緣模的特征動力學(xué)進行了成像，并表征了其涌現(xiàn)的任意子激發(fā)態(tài)。
通過設(shè)計一種干涉測量算法，研究組實現(xiàn)了引入和測量體拓撲不變量，以探測系統(tǒng)規(guī)模高達58個量子位的任意子動力學(xué)嬗變。該工作表明，量子處理器可為迄今為止尚未探索的高度糾纏非平衡物質(zhì)相提供關(guān)鍵見解。
▲ Abstract：
Out-of-equilibrium phases in many-body systems constitute a new paradigm in quantum matter—they exhibit dynamical properties that may otherwise be forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics. Among these non-equilibrium phases are periodically driven (Floquet) systems, which are generically difficult to simulate classically because of their high entanglement. Here we realize a Floquet topologically ordered state theoretically proposed in ref.?6, on an array of superconducting qubits. We image the characteristic dynamics of its chiral edge modes and characterize its emergent anyonic excitations. Devising an interferometric algorithm allows us to introduce and measure a bulk topological invariant to probe the dynamical transmutation of anyons for system sizes up to 58 qubits. Our work demonstrates that quantum processors can provide key insights into the thus-far largely unexplored landscape of highly entangled non-equilibrium phases of matter.
人工智能Artificial Intelligence
Analog optical computer for AI inference and combinatorial optimization
用于AI推理和組合優(yōu)化的模擬光學(xué)計算機
▲ 作者：Kirill P. Kalinin, Jannes Gladrow, Jiaqi Chu, James H. Clegg, Daniel Cletheroe, Douglas J. Kelly, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09430-z
▲摘要：
人工智能（AI）和組合優(yōu)化推動了科學(xué)和工業(yè)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，但其日益增長的能源需求挑戰(zhàn)了數(shù)字計算的可持續(xù)性。大多數(shù)非常規(guī)計算系統(tǒng)針對人工智能或優(yōu)化工作負載，并且依賴于能源密集型的頻繁數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換，從而限制了能效。這些系統(tǒng)還面臨著應(yīng)用硬件不匹配的問題，無論是處理內(nèi)存瓶頸的神經(jīng)模型，映射現(xiàn)實世界的優(yōu)化問題，還是應(yīng)對固有的模擬噪聲。
研究組介紹了一種融合了模擬電子學(xué)和三維光學(xué)的模擬光學(xué)計算機（AOC），可在單個平臺上加速AI推理和組合優(yōu)化。這種雙域能力通過快速定點搜索實現(xiàn)，避免了數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換并增強了噪聲魯棒性。通過這種定點抽象，AOC實現(xiàn)了具有遞歸推理潛力的新興計算密集型神經(jīng)模型，并實現(xiàn)了一種用于表達優(yōu)化的高級梯度下降算法。
研究組通過圖像分類、非線性回歸、醫(yī)學(xué)圖像重建和金融交易結(jié)算這四個案例研究，展示了協(xié)同設(shè)計硬件和抽象的優(yōu)勢，以響應(yīng)數(shù)字加速器和深度學(xué)習(xí)模型的共同進化。AOC采用可擴展的消費級技術(shù)構(gòu)建，為更快和更可持續(xù)的計算開辟了一條充滿前景的新路徑。其對迭代、計算密集型模型的原生支持為促進AI和優(yōu)化的未來創(chuàng)新提供了一個可擴展的模擬平臺。
▲ Abstract：
Artificial intelligence (AI) and combinatorial optimization drive applications across science and industry, but their increasing energy demands challenge the sustainability of digital computing. Most unconventional computing systems target either AI or optimization workloads and rely on frequent, energy-intensive digital conversions, limiting efficiency. These systems also face application-hardware mismatches, whether handling memory-bottlenecked neural models, mapping real-world optimization problems or contending with inherent analog noise. Here we introduce an analog optical computer (AOC) that combines analog electronics and three-dimensional optics to accelerate AI inference and combinatorial optimization in a single platform. This dual-domain capability is enabled by a rapid fixed-point search, which avoids digital conversions and enhances noise robustness. With this fixed-point abstraction, the AOC implements emerging compute-bound neural models with recursive reasoning potential and realizes an advanced gradient-descent approach for expressive optimization. We demonstrate the benefits of co-designing the hardware and abstraction, echoing the co-evolution of digital accelerators and deep learning models, through four case studies: image classification, nonlinear regression, medical image reconstruction and financial transaction settlement. Built with scalable, consumer-grade technologies, the AOC paves a promising path for faster and sustainable computing. Its native support for iterative, compute-intensive models offers a scalable analog platform for fostering future innovation in AI and optimization.
材料科學(xué)Materials Science
Electrically driven lasing from a dual-cavity perovskite device
雙腔鈣鈦礦裝置的電驅(qū)動激光器
▲ 作者：Chen Zou, Zhixiang Ren, Kangshuo Hui, Zixiang Wang, Yangning Fan, Yichen Yang, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09457-2
▲摘要：
溶液處理半導(dǎo)體激光器有望實現(xiàn)輕量化、可穿戴和可擴展的光電應(yīng)用。在溶液處理激光器的增益介質(zhì)中，金屬鹵化物鈣鈦礦因其在光泵浦下實現(xiàn)波長可調(diào)、低閾值激光發(fā)射而脫穎而出。盡管在這一領(lǐng)域取得了進展，但鈣鈦礦半導(dǎo)體的電驅(qū)動激光仍是一個關(guān)鍵挑戰(zhàn)。
研究組展示了一個電驅(qū)動的鈣鈦礦激光器，通過垂直集成低閾值單晶鈣鈦礦微腔亞單元和高功率微腔鈣鈦礦LED（PeLED）亞單元來構(gòu)建。在脈沖電激發(fā)下，該雙腔鈣鈦礦器件的最小激光閾值為92 A cm-2（在約22℃的空氣環(huán)境中平均閾值為129 A cm-2），比最先進的電驅(qū)動有機激光器低一個數(shù)量級。
該演示的關(guān)鍵在于集成的雙腔器件架構(gòu)，實現(xiàn)了微腔PeLED亞單元向單晶鈣鈦礦微腔亞單元傳遞定向發(fā)射光（耦合效率約為82.7%）以建立激光發(fā)射。工作半衰期（T50）達到1.8小時（10 Hz時為6.4×104電壓脈沖），其穩(wěn)定性優(yōu)于電泵浦有機激光器。該雙腔鈣鈦礦激光器可在36.2 MHz的帶寬下快速調(diào)制，表明其在數(shù)據(jù)傳輸和計算應(yīng)用方面的潛力。
▲ Abstract：
Solution-processed semiconductor lasers promise lightweight, wearable and scalable optoelectronic applications. Among the gain media for solution-processed lasers, metal halide perovskites stand out as an exceptional class because of their ability to achieve wavelength-adjustable, low-threshold lasing under optical pumping. Despite the progress in this field, electrically driven lasing from perovskite semiconductors remains a critical challenge. Here we demonstrate an electrically driven perovskite laser, constructed by vertically integrating a low-threshold single-crystal perovskite microcavity sub-unit with a high-power microcavity perovskite LED (PeLED) sub-unit. Under pulsed electrical excitation, the dual-cavity perovskite device shows a minimum lasing threshold of 92?A?cm?2 (average threshold: 129?A?cm?2, at about 22?°C, in air), which is an order of magnitude lower than that of state-of-the-art electrically driven organic lasers. Key to this demonstration is the integrated dual-cavity device architecture, which allows the microcavity PeLED sub-unit to deliver directional emission into the single-crystal perovskite microcavity sub-unit (at a coupling efficiency of about 82.7%) to establish the lasing action. An operational half-life (T50) of 1.8?h (6.4?×?104 voltage pulses at 10?Hz) is achieved, outperforming the stability of electrically pumped organic lasers. The dual-cavity perovskite laser can be rapidly modulated at a bandwidth of 36.2?MHz, indicating its potential for data transmission and computational applications.
Dual-scale chemical ordering for cryogenic properties in CoNiV-based alloys
CoNiV基合金低溫性能的雙尺度化學(xué)有序
▲ 作者：Tiwen Lu, Binhan Sun, Yue Li, Sheng Dai, Ning Yao, Wenbo Li, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09458-1
▲摘要：
金屬材料的力學(xué)性能在惡劣的低溫條件下往往會退化，這給低溫基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施帶來了挑戰(zhàn)。
研究組介紹了一種雙尺度原子有序納米結(jié)構(gòu)，其特點是在CoNiV基合金的金屬固溶體基質(zhì)中共存的超高數(shù)密度的亞納米尺度短程有序疇（約2.4?×?1026?m?3）和納米尺度長程有序疇（約4.5?×?1025?m?3），以提高低溫下強度和延展性的協(xié)同效應(yīng)。
研究組觀察到有序引起的位錯剪切應(yīng)力增加，以及由于納米級長程有序的位錯阻斷效應(yīng)和相關(guān)新位錯產(chǎn)生而導(dǎo)致的更快位錯增殖。后一種效應(yīng)也會在納米尺度長程有序障礙物上釋放應(yīng)力集中，否則會促進損傷的發(fā)生和破壞。
因此，該合金的強度延伸率為76GPa %，在87K時的屈服強度約為1.2 GPa，優(yōu)于沒有這種有序?qū)蛹壗Y(jié)構(gòu)、僅包含幾十納米短程有序或共格析出相的材料。該研究結(jié)果強調(diào)了雙相共存化學(xué)有序態(tài)對復(fù)雜合金力學(xué)性能的影響，并為調(diào)控這些有序態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)以提高其在低溫應(yīng)用中的力學(xué)性能提供了指導(dǎo)。
▲ Abstract：
The mechanical properties of metallic materials often degrade under harsh cryogenic conditions, posing challenges for low-temperature infrastructures. Here we introduce a dual-scale atomic-ordering nanostructure, characterized by an exceptionally high number density of co-existing subnanoscale short-range ordering (approximately 2.4?×?1026?m?3) and nanoscale long-range ordering (approximately 4.5?×?1025?m?3) domains, within a metallic solid-solution matrix in a CoNiV-based alloy to improve the synergy of strength and ductility at low temperatures. We observe an ordering-induced increase in dislocation shear stress as well as a more rapid dislocation multiplication owing to the dislocation blocking effect of nanoscale long-range ordering and the associated generation of new dislocations. The latter effect also releases stress concentrations at nanoscale long-range-ordered obstacles that otherwise would promote damage initiation and failure. Consequently, the alloy shows a strength–elongation product of 76?GPa?% with a yield strength of approximately 1.2?GPa at 87?K, outperforming materials devoid of such ordering hierarchy, containing only short-range ordered or coherent precipitates of a few tens of nanometres. Our results highlight the impact of dual co-existing chemical ordering on the mechanical properties of complex alloys and offer guidelines to control these ordering states to enhance their mechanical performance for cryogenic applications.
地球科學(xué)Earth Science
Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors
全球熱浪系統(tǒng)性歸因于碳排放大戶的排放
▲ 作者：Yann Quilcaille, Lukas Gudmundsson, Dominik L. Schumacher, Thomas Gasser, Richard Heede, Corina Heri, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09450-9
▲摘要：
極端事件歸因評估了氣候變化如何影響極端氣候，但通常聚焦于單一事件。此外，這些歸因研究很少量化人為因素對這些事件的影響程度。
研究組表明氣候變化使2000年–2023年間報告的213次歷史熱浪更有可能發(fā)生，也更強烈，180家碳排放巨頭（化石燃料和水泥生產(chǎn)商）均難辭其咎。這項研究依賴于擴展一個完善的基于事件的框架。由于1850年–1900年以來的全球變暖，2000年–2009年間熱浪事件中位數(shù)增加了約20倍，2010年–2019年間則增加了約200倍。總而言之，如果沒有氣候變化，四分之一的熱浪事件幾乎不可能發(fā)生。
自1850年–1900年以來，熱浪強度增幅中約一半由碳排放巨頭的排放來貢獻。根據(jù)碳排放巨頭的不同規(guī)模，其各自的貢獻高到足以引發(fā)16-53次的熱浪，這在工業(yè)化前氣候中幾乎是不可能的。因此，研究組證實氣候變化增加了對熱浪的影響，所有碳排放巨頭，無論規(guī)模大小，均對熱浪的發(fā)生起到了推動作用。該結(jié)果有助于填補證據(jù)空白，從而建立歷史極端氣候的問責(zé)制。
▲ Abstract：
Extreme event attribution assesses how climate change affected climate extremes, but typically focuses on single events. Furthermore, these attributions rarely quantify the extent to which anthropogenic actors have contributed to these events. Here we show that climate change made 213 historical heatwaves reported over 2000–2023 more likely and more intense, to which each of the 180 carbon majors (fossil fuel and cement producers) substantially contributed. This work relies on the expansion of a well-established event-based framework. Owing to global warming since 1850–1900, the median of the heatwaves during 2000–2009 became about 20 times more likely, and about 200 times more likely during 2010–2019. Overall, one-quarter of these events were virtually impossible without climate change. The emissions of the carbon majors contribute to half the increase in heatwave intensity since 1850–1900. Depending on the carbon major, their individual contribution is high enough to enable the occurrence of 16–53 heatwaves that would have been virtually impossible in a preindustrial climate. We, therefore, establish that the influence of climate change on heatwaves has increased, and that all carbon majors, even the smaller ones, contributed substantially to the occurrence of heatwaves. Our results contribute to filling the evidentiary gap to establish accountability of historical climate extremes.
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