Nature, 6 November 2025,Volume 647 Issue 8088
《自然》，2025年11月6日，第647卷，8088期
物理學(xué)Physics
A tweezer array with 6,100 highly coherent atomic qubits
包含6100個高相干性原子量子比特的光學(xué)鑷子陣列
▲ 作者：Hannah J. Manetsch, Gyohei Nomura, Elie Bataille, Xudong Lv, Kon H. Leung & Manuel Endres
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09641-4
▲摘要：光學(xué)鑷子陣列已經(jīng)變革了原子和分子物理學(xué)，目前成為量子計算、模擬和計量學(xué)領(lǐng)域一系列前沿實驗的核心技術(shù)。典型的實驗囚禁數(shù)十到數(shù)百個原子量子比特，并且最近實現(xiàn)了約1000個原子的系統(tǒng)，但這些系統(tǒng)尚未定義量子比特或演示相干控制。
然而，將系統(tǒng)擴展到數(shù)千個具有長相干時間、低損耗和高保真度成像的原子量子比特，是一個突出的挑戰(zhàn)，并且對于量子科學(xué)的進(jìn)步，特別是邁向量子糾錯至關(guān)重要。
研究者通過實驗實現(xiàn)了一個光學(xué)鑷子陣列，在約12000個位點中囚禁了超過6100個中性原子，同時在支撐該平臺成功的關(guān)鍵幾個指標(biāo)上，同時超越了現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的性能。
研究表明，實現(xiàn)擁有數(shù)千至數(shù)萬個物理量子比特的通用量子計算和量子糾錯可能是一個近期的前景。
▲ Abstract：Optical tweezer arrays have transformed atomic and molecular physics, now forming the backbone for a range of leading experiments in quantum computing, simulation and metrology. Typical experiments trap tens to hundreds of atomic qubits and, recently, systems with around 1,000 atoms were realized without defining qubits or demonstrating coherent control. However, scaling to thousands of atomic qubits with long coherence times and low-loss and high-fidelity imaging is an outstanding challenge and critical for progress in quantum science, particularly towards quantum error correction (QEC). Here we experimentally realize an array of optical tweezers trapping more than 6,100 neutral atoms in around 12,000 sites, simultaneously surpassing state-of-the-art performance for several metrics that underpin the success of the platform. Our results, along with recent developments, indicate that universal quantum computing and QEC with thousands to tens of thousands of physical qubits could be a near-term prospect.
Many-body interference in kagome crystals
籠目晶體中的多體干涉效應(yīng)
▲ 作者：：Chunyu Guo (Mark), Kaize Wang, Ling Zhang, Carsten Putzke, Dong Chen, Maarten R. van Delft, Steffen Wiedmann, Fedor F. Balakirev, Ross D. McDonald, Martin Gutierrez-Amigo, Manex Alkorta, Ion Errea, Maia G. Vergniory, Takashi Oka, Roderich Moessner, Mark H. Fischer, Titus Neupert, Claudia Felser & Philip J. W. Moll
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09659-8
▲摘要：當(dāng)金屬中的電子集體運動時，會產(chǎn)生超越單個粒子行為的新奇現(xiàn)象和電子功能。迄今為止，相干的集體電荷運動主要是在超導(dǎo)體中觀測到的，其源于庫珀對的形成。
研究報道了在籠目金屬CsV?Sb?的正常態(tài)中存在相干電荷傳輸?shù)膶嶒炞C據(jù)，這表明了一種獨特的集體電子態(tài)。其標(biāo)志是在面內(nèi)磁場作用下，介觀晶柱中產(chǎn)生的一系列磁阻振蕩，其周期性由穿過相鄰籠目層之間的磁通量子數(shù)h/e決定——這有效地構(gòu)成了一個層間阿哈羅諾夫-玻姆干涉儀。
該現(xiàn)象的協(xié)作性質(zhì)通過以下特征得到證明：以離散振蕩頻率間突變?yōu)樘卣鞯姆墙馕鼋嵌纫蕾囆?，以及其在超過單粒子平均自由程的長度尺度上依然持續(xù)存在。值得注意的是，振蕩幅度與CsV?Sb?中報道的其他異常電子響應(yīng)相匹配，指向了一種建立內(nèi)稟相干性的潛在機制。
這些發(fā)現(xiàn)為理解籠目金屬中關(guān)聯(lián)序的爭議本質(zhì)提供了新視角，并將CsV?Sb?確立為一個在無超導(dǎo)條件下實現(xiàn)長程相干電荷傳輸?shù)钠脚_——這為超越傳統(tǒng)模型的關(guān)聯(lián)電子系統(tǒng)中的相干性研究開辟了新方向。
▲ Abstract：When electrons in metals act collectively, they enable emergent phenomena and electronic functionalities that transcend the behaviour of individual particles. Coherent collective charge motion has so far been observed primarily in superconductors, in which it arises with the formation of Cooper pairs. Here we report experimental evidence for coherent charge transport in the normal state of the kagome metal CsV3Sb5, indicative of a distinct collective electronic state. The signature is a set of magnetoresistance oscillations in mesoscopic crystalline pillars under in-plane magnetic fields, with a periodicity determined by the number of magnetic flux quanta h/e threading between adjacent kagome layers—effectively forming an interlayer Aharonov–Bohm interferometer. The cooperative nature of this phenomenon is evidenced by a non-analytic angular dependence characterized by abrupt transitions between discrete oscillation frequencies and its persistence over length scales that exceed the single-particle mean free path. Notably, the oscillation amplitude matches other anomalous electronic responses reported in CsV3Sb5, pointing to an underlying mechanism that establishes intrinsic coherence. These findings shed new light on the debated nature of correlated order in kagome metals and establish CsV3Sb5, as a platform for realizing long-range coherent charge transport in the absence of superconductivity—opening new directions for coherence in correlated electron systems beyond conventional models.
Dispersion-engineered multipass optical parametric amplification
色散調(diào)控的多通光學(xué)參量放大技術(shù)
▲ 作者：Jan H. N?gele, Tobias Steinle, Johann Thannheimer, Philipp Flad & Harald Giessen
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09665-w
▲摘要：由于放大帶寬、效率與增益之間存在固有矛盾，極短激光脈沖（低于100飛秒）的放大是一項基礎(chǔ)性挑戰(zhàn)。傳統(tǒng)方法依賴包含預(yù)處理與后處理步驟的復(fù)雜光學(xué)系統(tǒng)。
光學(xué)參量放大雖能提供隨非線性介質(zhì)長度縮放的高光學(xué)增益，卻以犧牲帶寬為代價，這限制了其對極短且本征寬帶的超短脈沖的放大效果——這類脈沖的放大需要寬增益帶寬、高單通增益及強非線性相互作用的同時實現(xiàn)。
研究提出了一種新型多通光學(xué)參量放大系統(tǒng)，通過采用色散調(diào)控的介質(zhì)鏡，將激光重復(fù)聚焦至非線性增益晶體。該涂層能在每步多通后同步補償群延遲，并抑制閑頻波從而避免反向轉(zhuǎn)換。此方案實現(xiàn)了相較于單通放大1500倍的增益，光子轉(zhuǎn)換效率高達(dá)81%（系統(tǒng)轉(zhuǎn)換效率52%），且放大脈沖的時間-帶寬積接近傅里葉極限，同時完全保持了空間光束質(zhì)量。
該設(shè)計突破了增益與帶寬的制約壁壘，在41分貝增益下實現(xiàn)了12太赫茲的帶寬。由于該方案無需特定增益介質(zhì)，其具備通用性，可廣泛應(yīng)用于量子技術(shù)、阿秒物理、材料加工及超寬帶低成本生物成像系統(tǒng)等領(lǐng)域的超快激光系統(tǒng)，且器件尺寸可控制在個位數(shù)立方厘米量級。
▲ Abstract：The amplification of extremely short laser pulses (under 100?fs) presents a fundamental challenge due to the trade-off between amplification bandwidth, efficiency and gain. Conventional methods rely on complex optical set-ups with preprocessing and postprocessing steps. Optical parametric amplification3 offers a high optical gain that scales with the length of the nonlinear medium at the expense of bandwidth, limiting its effectiveness for extremely short and intrinsically broadband ultrashort pulses, whose amplification requires a broad gain–bandwidth, high single-pass gain and simultaneously strong nonlinear interaction. Here we introduce a new multipass4 optical parametric amplification system that leverages dispersion-engineered dielectric mirrors to repeatedly focus the laser into a nonlinear gain crystal. The coatings simultaneously compensate for the group delay after each multipass step and suppress the idler wave and, therefore, backconversion. This approach achieves ×1,500 higher gain compared with single-pass amplification, a photon conversion efficiency of up to 81% (52% system conversion efficiency) and near Fourier-limited time–bandwidth products of the amplified pulses, while fully preserving the spatial beam quality. Our concept breaks the gain versus bandwidth barrier and achieves 12?THz at 41?dB gain. As our concept does not require specific gain materials, it is versatile and broadly applicable to ultrafast6 laser systems in quantum technologies, attosecond physics, material processing and ultrabroadband low-cost bio-imaging systems. Our concept offers device sizes in the single-digit cubic centimetre range.
環(huán)境
Environment
Technological pathways for cost-effective steel decarbonization
具有成本效益的鋼鐵脫碳技術(shù)路徑
▲ 作者：Xinyi Wu, Jing Meng, Xi Liang, Laixiang Sun, D’Maris Coffman, Andreas Kontoleon & Dabo Guan
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09658-9
▲摘要：鋼鐵行業(yè)是國家凈零努力的核心，但其減排難度依然很高。鑒于工廠的異質(zhì)性和經(jīng)濟約束，現(xiàn)有的脫碳路線圖難以為單個工廠的技術(shù)選擇提供指導(dǎo)。研究通過整合兩個全球工廠級數(shù)據(jù)集和預(yù)測的技術(shù)成本，開發(fā)了一個模型，旨在為全球每個工廠確定符合國家碳中和目標(biāo)的最低成本技術(shù)路徑。
在短期（2030年前），提高能效和廢鋼再利用是最經(jīng)濟的脫碳策略，預(yù)計可分別減少全球累計二氧化碳排放78億噸和72億噸，平均成本分別為-8.5美元/噸CO2?1和0.3美元/噸CO2?1。在長期（2030年后），熔融還原配合碳捕集技術(shù)有望變得技術(shù)成熟且經(jīng)濟可行，可在中國工廠實現(xiàn)約60億噸的二氧化碳減排，成本在7-15美元/噸CO2?1之間；在日本、韓國和歐洲的工廠，成本則在26-75美元/噸CO2?1之間。2040年后，基于綠氫的煉鋼工藝預(yù)計將在歐洲工廠貢獻(xiàn)額外的3億噸二氧化碳減排，成本在27-44美元/噸CO2?1之間。
研究量身定制了針對具體工廠的最低成本技術(shù)路徑，協(xié)調(diào)了利益相關(guān)者的經(jīng)濟利益與氣候目標(biāo)，從而形成了可操作的脫碳戰(zhàn)略，并為全球凈零目標(biāo)提供了支持。
▲ Abstract：The iron and steel sector is central to national net-zero efforts but remains hard to abate1,2. Existing decarbonization roadmaps fail to guide technology choices for individual plants, given their heterogeneity and economic constraints3,4,5. Here, by integrating two global plant-level datasets and forecasted technology costs, we develop a model to identify the least-cost technology pathway for each plant worldwide in alignment with national carbon-neutrality targets. In the short term (pre-2030), energy efficiency improvements and scrap reuse are the cheapest decarbonization strategies, reducing cumulative global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 7.8?Gt and 7.2?Gt at average costs of –US$8.5?tCO2?1 and US$0.3?tCO2?1, respectively. In the long term (after 2030), smelt reduction with carbon capture is expected to become technically mature and economically viable, achieving approximately 6.0?Gt of CO2 reductions at costs of US$7–15?tCO2?1 in Chinese plants and US$26–75?tCO2?1 in plants across Japan, Korea and Europe. After 2040, green-hydrogen-based steelmaking is estimated to contribute an additional 0.3?Gt of CO2 abatement in European plants at costs of US$27–44?tCO2?1. This study tailors plant-specific least-cost technology pathways that reconcile stakeholders’ economic interests with climate objectives, enabling actionable decarbonization strategies and supporting global net-zero targets.
Ocean warming threatens the viability of 60% of Antarctic ice shelves
海洋變暖威脅著60%南極冰架的存續(xù)能力
▲ 作者：C. Burgard, N. C. Jourdain, C. Mosbeux, J. Caillet, P. Mathiot & C. Kittel
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09657-w
▲摘要：冰架，即南極冰蓋抑制冰流向海洋的浮動前緣的消失，將極大加速南極對海平面上升的貢獻(xiàn)。它們在變暖世界中的存續(xù)問題引發(fā)了大量研究，這些研究主要關(guān)注變暖大氣的影響。本研究以整體性方式重新審視了冰架存續(xù)能力的概念，同時考慮了大氣和海洋導(dǎo)致的質(zhì)量損失，以估算冰架在何時將幾乎無法維持其現(xiàn)有形態(tài)。
研究表明，在全球變暖遠(yuǎn)低于2℃的情景下，到2300年，64個冰架中僅有1個很可能變得無法存續(xù)。而在全球變暖到2300年接近12℃的情景下，一旦全球變暖超過4.5℃，許多冰架將變得無法存續(xù)，這主要歸因于海洋誘發(fā)融化量的增加。
到2150年和2300年，分別有26個和38個冰架很可能變得無法存續(xù)。受這38個冰架制約的冰蓋區(qū)域若全部消融，代表著高達(dá)10米的海平面上升潛力。研究者估算達(dá)到非存續(xù)狀態(tài)的最晚界限，冰架崩塌可能更早發(fā)生，特別是由于與水力壓裂的協(xié)同作用。
▲ Abstract：The disappearance of ice shelves, the floating margins of the Antarctic ice sheet that restrain the ice flow into the ocean, would strongly accelerate the Antarctic contribution to sea-level rise. Their viability in a warming world has motivated substantial work that focuses on the influence of the warming atmosphere. Here we revisit the concept of ice-shelf viability in a holistic manner, taking into account mass loss due to both the atmosphere and the ocean to estimate when it becomes almost impossible for the ice shelves to maintain their present-day shape. We show that for a scenario in which global warming remains largely below 2?°C, only 1 out of 64 ice shelves will become likely non-viable by 2300. For a scenario in which global warming reaches nearly 12?°C by 2300, many ice shelves become non-viable once global warming exceeds 4.5?°C, loss that is mainly due to an increase in ocean-induced melt. By 2150 and 2300, 26 and 38 ice shelves, respectively, become likely non-viable. Loss of ice-sheet regions restrained by these 38 ice shelves represent a sea-level rise potential of 10?m. Our estimates are latest bounds for reaching non-viability, and ice-shelf collapse could occur even earlier, in particular owing to the synergy with hydrofracturing.
Oxidative potential of atmospheric particles in Europe and exposure scenarios
歐洲大氣顆粒物的氧化潛能及暴露情景分析
▲ 作者：Cécile Tassel, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, Pamela Dominutti, Kaspar R. Daellenbach, Sophie Darfeuil, Rhabira Elazzouzi, Paolo Laj, Anouk Marsal, Takoua Mhadhbi, Vy Ngoc Thuy Dinh, Céline Voiron, Stephan Houdier, Marc Durif, Mélodie Chatain, Florie Francony, Julie Cozic, Guillaume Salque Moreton, Meryll Le Quilleuc, Véronique Ghersi, Grégory Gille, Boualem Mesbah, Evdokia Stratigou, Manuela Zublena, Henri Diémoz, Ga?lle Uzu Show authors
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09666-9
▲ 摘要：大氣顆粒物是全球關(guān)注的公共健康問題，目前主要依據(jù)其質(zhì)量濃度進(jìn)行監(jiān)管。然而，人們?nèi)找嬲J(rèn)識到質(zhì)量濃度可能無法完全反映與健康影響相關(guān)的顆粒物物理化學(xué)特性。研究利用一個包含近11,500個氧化潛能（OP）測量值的數(shù)據(jù)集，這些數(shù)據(jù)來自歐洲部分地區(qū)的43個地點，并采用兩種最常用的OP測定方法（OPAA和OPDTT）及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化協(xié)議進(jìn)行分析。
研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)歐洲各地OP存在高度的空間變異性，且受站點類型（如城市或鄉(xiāng)村）的強烈影響。在考慮PM質(zhì)量濃度的同時納入OP指標(biāo)表明，城市空氣質(zhì)量可能需要進(jìn)一步的改善，尤其是在道路附近——該處PM10的體積氧化潛能超出背景水平2.4至3.1倍（具體倍數(shù)取決于所使用的測定方法）。
對減排策略的分析顯示，交通是有效降低城市OP的關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)源，而要同時達(dá)到世界衛(wèi)生組織的質(zhì)量濃度指導(dǎo)值，則需要對交通和生物質(zhì)燃燒產(chǎn)生的PM進(jìn)行全面減排。關(guān)于OP健康影響的流行病學(xué)證據(jù)仍在不斷發(fā)展，研究結(jié)果可能有助于為未來工作的解讀提供參考。
▲ Abstract：Atmospheric particulate matter (PM), a public health concern worldwide, is at present regulated according to its mass concentration1. However, it is increasingly thought that mass concentration may not fully capture the physicochemical properties of PM linked to its health impact2. Consequently, it has been suggested to further investigate the adequacy of this metric as an unequivocal indicator of PM health effects. The new European regulation on air quality introduced oxidative potential (OP) as a recommended parameter to be monitored at supersites, to explore further deciphering information about PM reactivity and health impacts. Here we use a database of almost 11,500 OP measurements from 43 locations across parts of Europe that were analysed with the two most commonly used OP assays, OPAA and OPDTT, with a standardized protocol. We find high spatial variability of OP across Europe, strongly influenced by site type, such as urban or rural. Accounting for OP alongside PM mass suggests that further improvements in urban air quality may require consideration, particularly near roads, where volumetric OP of PM10 exceeds background levels by a factor of 2.4 to 3.1, depending on the assay used. Analysis of mitigation strategies shows that traffic is a key source to target for effectively reducing OP in cities, whereas comprehensive reductions in PM from both traffic and biomass burning are required to also meet World Health Organization mass guidelines. Although the epidemiological evidence for OP health impacts is still evolving, our findings may help inform the interpretation of future work.
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