編譯 | 李言
Nature, 20 November 2025, Volume 647 Issue 8090
《自然》2025年11月20日，第647卷，8090期
醫學Medicine
A parabrachial hub for need-state control of enduring pain
臂旁核：持久性疼痛的穩態控制樞紐
▲ 作者：Nitsan Goldstein, Amadeus Maes et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09602-x
▲摘要：
研究者整合空間轉錄組學、神經調控、神經元活動記錄與計算建模方法，首次證實了表達神經肽Y受體Y1的臂旁核神經元集群（Y1R神經元）在損傷后活動增強，其激活模式可準確預測功能性適應行為。
饑餓、口渴或天敵線索等生理需求狀態，能通過釋放神經肽Y抑制臂旁核Y1R神經元，從而廣泛抑制各類損傷引發的持續性疼痛。綜上，研究揭示了臂旁核Y1R神經元作為內源性鎮痛樞紐，通過整合多模態需求信號來調控持續性疼痛的核心機制。
▲ Abstract：
Here we use spatial transcriptomics, neural manipulations, activity recordings and computational modelling to demonstrate that activity in an ensemble of anatomically and molecularly diverse parabrachial neurons that express the neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor Y1 (Y1R neurons) is increased following injury and predicts functional coping behaviour. Hunger, thirst or predator cues suppressed sustained pain, regardless of the injury type, by inhibiting parabrachial Y1R neurons via the release of NPY. Together, our results demonstrate an endogenous analgesic hub at pain-responsive parabrachial Y1R neurons.
Nanobody-based recombinant antivenom for cobra, mamba and rinkhals bites
針對眼鏡蛇、曼巴與唾蛇咬傷的基于納米抗體重組抗蛇毒血清
▲ 作者：Shirin Ahmadi, Nick J. Burlet et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09661-0
▲摘要：
研究者采用18種毒蛇（含曼巴蛇、眼鏡蛇與唾蛇）的毒液對羊駝和大羊駝進行免疫，構建噬菌體展示文庫并篩選出高親和力廣譜中和性納米抗體。
他們將其中8種納米抗體配伍成精確定義的寡克隆混合物，成功研制出能中和7個毒素家族/亞家族的多價重組抗蛇毒血清。該血清在體內實驗中可有效抵御17種非洲眼鏡蛇科毒蛇的致死毒性，并對所有測試的細胞毒性毒液所致皮膚壞死產生顯著抑制效果。
這種重組抗蛇毒血清的效能優于現行血漿源性抗蛇毒血清，有望為非洲大陸所有醫學相關眼鏡蛇科毒蛇咬傷提供全面防護方案。
▲ Abstract：
Here we addressed this challenge by immunizing an alpaca and a llama with the venoms of 18 different snakes, including mambas, cobras and a rinkhals, constructing phage display libraries, and identifying high-affinity broadly neutralizing nanobodies. We combined eight of these nanobodies into a defined oligoclonal mixture, resulting in an experimental polyvalent recombinant antivenom that was capable of neutralizing seven toxin families or subfamilies. This antivenom effectively prevented venom-induced lethality in vivo across 17 African elapid snake species and markedly reduced venom-induced dermonecrosis for all tested cytotoxic venoms. The recombinant antivenom performed better than a currently used plasma-derived antivenom and therefore shows considerable promise for comprehensive, continent-wide protection against snakebites by all medically relevant African elapids.
生物學Biology
Diverging fish biodiversity trends in cold and warm rivers and streams
冷暖河流與溪流中魚類生物多樣性的不同趨勢
▲ 作者：Samantha L. Rumschlag, Brian Gallagher et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09556-0
▲摘要：
研究者整合了涵蓋27年間2992個站點、389個魚類物種的美國聯邦生物監測數據集，以分析魚類生物多樣性變化趨勢。在冷水溪流（歷史夏季水溫低于15.4°C）中，魚類豐度與豐富度在27年間分別下降53.4%和32%，群落獨特性則有所提升。
周期性魚類（體型大、成熟晚）數量增加，機會型魚類（體型小、世代周期短、屬于r-選擇策略者）減少，這可能源于本土或引入游釣魚類的增殖。在暖水溪流（水溫高于23.8°C）中，魚類豐度與豐富度分別上升70.5%和15.6%，群落呈現同質化趨勢。
小型機會主義魚類取代了大型周期性魚類。而代表一般狀況的溫水溪流（水溫15.4—23.8°C）中，魚類生物多樣性隨時間變化極小。水溫上升與魚類引入的交互作用，加速了當地魚類生物多樣性的退化。
鑒于這些變化在較短時間內達到的嚴重程度，亟需遏制由魚類引入和水溫上升導致的魚類生物多樣性退化。
▲ Abstract：
Here we harmonized US federal biomonitoring datasets with 389 species spanning 27 years (1993–2019) and 2,992 sites to analyse trends in fish biodiversity. In cold streams (past summer stream temperatures below 15.4?°C), fish abundance and richness declined by 53.4% and 32% over 27 years, respectively, and uniqueness increased. Periodic (large-bodied, late-maturing) fishes increased, and opportunists (small-bodied, short generation time, ‘r-selected’) decreased, possibly due to proliferation of native or introduced game fishes. In warm streams (stream temperatures greater than 23.8?°C), fish abundance and richness increased by 70.5% and 15.6% over 27 years, respectively, and communities homogenized. Small opportunistic fishes replaced large periodic fishes. Intermediate streams (stream temperatures 15.4–23.8?°C), representing the average stream, had minimal changes in fish biodiversity through time. Interactions between warming and introduced fish were associated with increased rates of degradation to local fish biodiversity. Given the magnitude of these changes in a relatively short time span, there is an urgent need to curb degradation of fish biodiversity caused by fish introductions and warming water temperatures.
The oldest known lepidosaur and origins of lepidosaur feeding adaptations
已知最古老的鱗龍與鱗龍攝食適應機制的起源
▲ 作者：Daniel Marke, David I. Whiteside et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09496-9
▲摘要：
研究者在英國德文郡的中三疊世（阿尼西期）赫爾斯比砂巖組發現了一具保存較為完整的原始喙頭類顱骨及骨架標本，其年代較現存最古老鱗龍化石早約300—700萬年。
該新物種特征符合預期：顱骨固定不動，但具有開放式下顳弓且缺乏大型腭齒，表明其為專性食蟲動物。
這一標本為理解鱗龍類在"三疊紀革命"時期的早期分化提供了關鍵證據，該時期正是現代陸生生態系統形成的重要階段。
▲ Abstract：
Here we report a reasonably complete skull and skeleton of a definitive rhynchocephalian from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Helsby Sandstone Formation of Devon, UK that is around 3–7?million years older than the oldest currently known lepidosaur. The new species shows, as predicted, a non-mobile skull but an open lower temporal bar and no large palatine teeth, and it seems to have been a specialized feeder on insects. This specimen helps us understand the initial diversification of Lepidosauria as part of the Triassic Revolution, when modern-style terrestrial ecosystems emerged.
Mosaic anatomy in an early fossil squamate
早期有鱗類化石中發現的鑲嵌式解剖結構
▲ 作者：Roger B. J. Benson, Stig A. Walsh et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09566-y
▲摘要：
研究者基于在蘇格蘭中侏羅世（約1.67億年前）地層中發現的一具新型骨架化石，建立了新屬新種——Breugnathair elgolensis gen. et sp. nov.。該標本是迄今發現最完整的早期有鱗類化石之一。
Breugnathair被歸入新建立的小盜龍科（Parviraptoridae），這個神秘類群對揭示蛇類起源具有重要潛在價值，此前僅通過極度殘缺的化石材料為人所知。該物種呈現出獨特的解剖特征鑲嵌現象：其頭身比例近似巨蜥，牙齒與頜部卻具有蛇類特征，同時保留了與壁虎等早期分化類群共有的原始性狀。
基于多數據集的系統發育分析得出矛盾結論——小盜龍科可能屬于早期毒蜥類（或是潛在的基干蛇類），也可能是通過趨同演化出與食性相關的蛇型齒頜特征的基干有鱗類。
這些發現揭示了有鱗類在早期輻射演化階段存在顯著的同塑性與形態創新實驗，同時表明在深時演化分歧過程中，趨同形態變革可能具有關鍵意義。
▲ Abstract：
Here we present Breugnathair elgolensis gen. et sp. nov., based on a new skeleton from the Middle Jurassic epoch (167?million years ago) of Scotland, which is among the oldest relatively complete fossil squamates. Breugnathair is placed in a new family, Parviraptoridae, an enigmatic group with potential importance for snake origins, that was previously known from very incomplete remains. It displays a mosaic of anatomical traits that is not present in living groups, with head and body proportions similar to varanids (monitor lizards) and snake-like features of the teeth and jaws, alongside primitive traits shared with early-diverging groups such as gekkotans. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple datasets return conflicting results, with parviraptorids either as early toxicoferans (and potentially stem snakes) or as stem squamates that convergently evolved snake-like dental and mandibular traits related to feeding. These findings indicate high levels of homoplasy and experimentation during the initial radiation of squamates and highlight the potential importance of convergent morphological transformations during deep evolutionary divergences.
農業Agriculture
A haplotype-based evolutionary history of barley domestication
基于單倍型的大麥馴化演化史研究
▲ 作者：Yu Guo, Murukarthick Jayakodi et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09533-7
▲摘要：
大麥是最古老的栽培作物之一，其演化與馴化歷史極為復雜。早期研究已否定單次起源假說，轉而支持基因組鑲嵌起源模型。
隨著基因組數據日益完善，我們需要探究的是：構成這一基因組鑲嵌的基本單元——單倍型——究竟源自何處？所有栽培大麥是否共享同一野生祖先，抑或特定野生種群對某些栽培譜系存在更顯著的基因貢獻？
為解決這些問題，我們采用單倍型分析方法，系統研究了野生與栽培大麥的遺傳多樣性及種群結構。通過分析682份種質庫樣本與23份考古樣本的全基因組數據，研究者們成功追溯了單倍型的時空起源，并識別出在馴化過程及后期基因流事件中發揮重要作用的野生種群。
古DNA證據有力佐證了基于現代樣本的全基因組研究結果。研究表明，奠基性栽培種群最早出現于新月沃地，經歷了漫長的預馴化栽培階段。一個關鍵實踐發現是：大麥種群間顯著的單倍型分化（無論源于獨立產生還是疊加于選擇之上）為定位適應性基因座帶來了挑戰。
▲ Abstract：
Barley is one of the oldest cultivated crops, with a complex evolutionary and domestication history. Previous studies have rejected the idea of a single origin and instead support a model of mosaic genomic ancestry. With increasingly comprehensive genome data, we now ask where the haplotypes — the building blocks of this mosaic — originate, and whether all domesticated barleys share the same wild progenitors or whether certain wild populations contribute more heavily to specific lineages. To address these questions, we apply a haplotype-based approach to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of wild and domesticated barley. We analyse whole-genome sequences from 682 genebank accessions and 23 archaeological specimens, tracing the spatiotemporal origins of haplotypes and identifying wild contributors during domestication and later gene flow events. Ancient DNA supports our genome-wide findings from modern samples. Our results suggest that a founding domesticated population emerged in the Fertile Crescent during a prolonged period of pre-domestication cultivation. A key practical insight is that the high haplotype differentiation among barley populations — arising independently, or layered on top, of selection — poses challenges for mapping adaptive loci.
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