編譯 | 李言
Science, 14 AUG 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6761
《科學》2025年8月14日，第389卷，6761期
物理學Physics
Observation of many-body dynamical localizationighl
多體動力學局域化的實驗觀測
▲ 作者：Yanliang Guo, Sudipta Dhar et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn8625
▲摘要：
量子踢轉子模型是量子物理中的一個典范模型系統。作為受驅量子系統，它展現出動力學局域化特征，特別是動量空間中的安德森局域化。然而，相互作用的量子多體踢轉子被認為會破壞局域化。
研究者通過實驗觀測到Lieb-Liniger型多體量子踢轉子中的多體動力學局域化現象。在一維幾何中，經過數百次正弦脈沖勢場驅動的相互作用量子簡并玻色原子，其動量分布在初始演化后停止擴散。這一結果為理解經典混沌世界與量子物理領域之間的邊界提供了新見解。
▲ Abstract：
The quantum kicked rotor is a paradigmatic model system in quantum physics. As a driven quantum system, it features dynamical localization, specifically Anderson localization in momentum space. However, the interacting many-body kicked rotor is believed to break localization. Here, we present evidence for many-body dynamical localization for the Lieb-Liniger version of the many-body quantum kicked rotor. After some initial evolution, the momentum distribution of interacting quantum-degenerate bosonic atoms in one-dimensional geometry, kicked hundreds of times by means of a pulsed sinusoidal potential, stops spreading. Our results shed light on the boundary between the classical, chaotic world and the realm of quantum physics.
生物學Biology
Early germline sequestration in a basidiomycete fungusighl
擔子菌早期生殖細胞隔離機制
▲ 作者：Markus Hiltunen, Boel Olsson et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu8580
▲摘要：
在有性生殖生物中，新突變的遺傳高度依賴于生殖細胞確立的時機。研究者利用形成仙女圈的硬柄小皮傘（Marasmius oreades）真菌，對真菌界生殖細胞晚期分離的普遍假設提出了挑戰。
通過為期7年采集仙女圈不同部位的蘑菇樣本，并采用全基因組測序鑒定不同組織中的新發突變，研究發現可育組織（產孢組織）與不育組織積累了不同的突變譜，表明該物種中用于孢子生產的生殖細胞在菌絲體階段即已確立。
此外，生殖細胞攜帶的突變數量少于不育組織，表明其突變率更低。這些發現提示，早期生殖細胞隔離現象在多細胞生物中的普遍性可能遠超既往認知。
▲ Abstract：
In sexual organisms, inheritance of new mutations is highly dependent on the timing of germline definition. Here, we used the fairy ring–forming fungus Marasmius oreades to challenge the general assumption of a late germline separation in the Fungi. We collected mushrooms from different parts of rings over a 7-year period and identified new mutations in different tissues by whole-genome sequencing. We found evidence that fertile and sterile tissues had accumulated different mutations, suggesting that the germ line, destined for spore production, is already defined in the mycelium in this species. Moreover, the germ line carried fewer mutations than sterile tissues, indicating a lower mutation rate. Our findings suggest that early germline sequestration is more widespread than previously considered across multicellular life.
材料科學Material Sciences
Diffraction of helium and hydrogen atoms through single-layer graphene
氦和氫原子通過單層石墨烯的衍射
▲ 作者：Carina Kanitz, Jakob Bühler et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx5679
▲摘要：
原子在材料表面的衍射為研究結構、相互作用及動力學過程提供了精細的觀測手段。然而，該方法目前僅局限于反射模式下的測量——此前僅亞原子粒子能實現穿透材料的衍射，而原子穿透衍射始終是一項挑戰。
研究展示了千電子伏特量級動能的氦原子與氫原子在垂直入射條件下穿透單層石墨烯的衍射現象。盡管這些原子具有高動能且與石墨烯電子系統發生耦合，研究者仍觀測到了相干散射現象。
這種相干性的保持源于飛秒尺度的超短相互作用時間，使得投射原子與晶格之間的動量傳遞極為有限。
▲ Abstract：
Diffraction of atoms from surfaces provides detailed insights into structures, interactions, and dynamical processes. However, the method is currently limited to measurements in reflection—diffraction through materials has only been demonstrated for subatomic particles and is an outstanding challenge for atoms. In this work, we diffract helium and hydrogen atoms at kilo–electron volt energies through single-layer graphene at normal incidence. Despite the atoms’ high kinetic energy as well as coupling to the electronic system of graphene, we observe coherent scattering. This preservation of coherence was the result of the limited momentum transfer between the projectile and the lattice, resulting from interaction times on the femtosecond scale.
人工智能Artificial Intelligence
Predicting fusion ignition at the National Ignition Facility with physics-informed deep learning
深度學習預測國家點火裝置的聚變點火
▲ 作者：Brian K. Spears, Scott Brandon et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm8201
▲摘要：
美國國家點火裝置（NIF）近期開展的慣性約束聚變實驗成功實現點火，其產生的聚變能量超過了驅動實驗的激光能量。
在該實驗實施前，一種融合輻射流體動力學模擬、深度學習、實驗數據與貝葉斯統計的生成式機器學習模型，以超過70%的預測概率成功預判了本次實驗最可能達成點火的結果。
▲ Abstract：
An inertial confinement fusion experiment, carried out at the National Ignition Facility, has achieved ignition by generating fusion energy exceeding the laser energy that drove the experiment. Prior to the experiment, a generative machine learning model that combines radiation hydrodynamics simulations, deep learning, experimental data, and Bayesian statistics was used to predict, with a probability greater than 70%, that ignition was the most likely outcome for this shot.
化學Chemistry
Artificial farnesol epoxidase enables a concise synthesis of meroterpenoids
人工法尼醇環氧化酶實現萜類化合物的簡潔合成
▲ 作者：Jinxin Wang, Yunpeng Yin et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt2096
▲摘要：
研究成功開發了針對法尼醇分子首尾雙鍵的高效不對稱環氧化反應體系，顯著促進了萜類天然產物的合成。
然而，由于法尼醇分子中相對惰性的內部烯烴一直缺乏直接不對稱環氧化的有效方法，這成為制約眾多萜類化合物合成的關鍵瓶頸。
該研究通過定向酶工程技術，構建了一種能夠以高區域選擇性和對映選擇性特異性催化法尼醇內部烯烴環氧化反應的新型環氧化酶。該環氧化中間體的應用，成功簡化了多種萜類化合物的合成路線，在多數案例中使總合成步驟減少超50%。
▲ Abstract：
Efficient asymmetric epoxidation reactions have been developed for both the head end and tail end double bonds of farnesol, greatly facilitating the synthesis of terpenoid natural products. However, the lack of methods for direct asymmetric epoxidation of the relatively inert internal alkene of farnesol has posed major challenges in the synthesis of many terpenoids. In this study, we describe the engineering of an epoxidase capable of selectively epoxidizing the internal alkene of farnesol with high regioselectivity and enantioselectivity. The resulting epoxidized intermediate has been successfully applied to simplify the synthesis of a variety of meroterpenoids, reducing the total number of synthetic steps by more than half in most cases.
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