Science, 18 Sep 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6766
《科學》 2025年9月18日，第389卷，6766期
物理學Physics
Scalable entanglement of nuclear spins mediated by electron exchange
電子交換介導的核自旋可擴展糾纏
▲ 作者：HOLLY G. STEMP, MARK R. VAN BLANKENSTEIN, SERWAN ASAAD, MATEUSZ T. M?DZIK, BENJAMIN JOECKER, HANNES R. FIRGAU, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady3799
▲摘要：核自旋在量子計算中的應用受限于難以在遠距離原子核間創建真正的量子糾纏。目前半導體中的核糾纏依賴于原子核與共用電子的耦合，這并非一種可擴展的策略。
在這項工作中，研究組展示了在硅器件中相距20納米以上的兩個磷原子核之間雙量子位控制的Z邏輯門運算。每個原子結合獨立電子，其交換相互作用介導了原子核的雙量子位門。
研究組制備并測量了一個核貝爾態，保真度為76+5-5%，共軛度為0.67+0.05-0.05。通過這種方法，未來擴大半導體自旋量子比特的進展可擴展到基于核自旋的量子計算機的開發。
▲ Abstract：The use of nuclear spins for quantum computation is limited by the difficulty in creating genuine quantum entanglement between distant nuclei. Current demonstrations of nuclear entanglement in semiconductors rely on coupling the nuclei to a common electron, which is not a scalable strategy. In this work, we demonstrated a two-qubit controlled-Z logic operation between the nuclei of two phosphorus atoms in a silicon device, separated by up to 20 nanometers. Each atom binds separate electrons, whose exchange interaction mediates the nuclear two-qubit gate. We prepared and measured a nuclear Bell state with a fidelity of 76+5-5% and a concurrence of 0.67+0.05-0.05. With this method, future progress in scaling up semiconductor spin qubits can be extended to the development of nuclear spin–based quantum computers.
Quantum squeezing of a levitated nanomechanical oscillator
懸浮納米機械振蕩器的量子壓縮
▲ 作者：Mitsuyoshi Kamba, Naoki Hara and Kiyotaka Aikawa
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady4652
▲摘要：在基礎物理學、傳感和換能器等多個領域，操縱宏觀物體在其量子力學不確定性附近的運動一直是人們追求的目標。盡管在懸浮固體顆粒的基態冷卻方面取得了進展，但實現其非經典態仍是一個難題。
研究組通過快速改變單個納米粒子的振蕩頻率來演示其運動狀態的量子壓縮。他們發現，使用自由膨脹測量，速度方差明顯收窄到基態的-4.9±0.1分貝。
該工作表明，懸浮納米顆粒為研究運動的非經典態提供了理想的平臺，并為在宏觀尺度上開發量子傳感和探索量子力學的應用開辟了一條新途徑。
▲ Abstract：Manipulating the motion of macroscopic objects near their quantum mechanical uncertainties has been desired in diverse fields, including fundamental physics, sensing, and transducers. Despite progress in ground-state cooling of a levitated solid particle, realizing its nonclassical states has been elusive. Here, we demonstrate quantum squeezing of the motion of a single nanoparticle by rapidly varying its oscillation frequency. We reveal appreciable narrowing of the velocity variance to –4.9 ± 0.1 decibels of that of the ground state using free-expansion measurements. Our work shows that a levitated nanoparticle offers an ideal platform for studying nonclassical states of its motion and provides a route to developing applications in quantum sensing and exploring quantum mechanics at a macroscopic scale.
化學Chemistry
Stereo-reversed E2 unlocks Z-selective C functionalization
立體反轉E2解鎖Z選擇性C-H官能化
▲ 作者：Peter J. Verardi, Elizabeth A. Ryutov, Poulami Mukherjee, Remy Lalisse, Karina Targos, Tetsuya Inagaki, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv7630
▲摘要：C-H鍵的立體選擇性官能化是現代有機合成中的一個核心挑戰。盡管C-H活化化學已歷經幾十年的創新，但合成化學家仍未實現烯烴的Z選擇性官能化策略。末端烯烴對Z選擇性構成了最大的挑戰，因其需要選擇性裂解兩個幾乎相同的C-H鍵中位阻更大的鍵。
研究組描述了烯烴轉化為經過Z選擇性消除的瞬態1,2-雙锍中間體，通過穩定相互作用顛覆了教科書級的E2立體選擇性規則。他們將配對電解確定為一種使能策略，既可以選擇性地產生所需的雙锍中間體，又可將其在原位快速消除。
由此產生的Z-烯基锍關鍵體通過穩健的交叉偶聯反應，從廉價的原料中獲得廣泛的Z-烯烴目標。
▲ Abstract：The stereoselective functionalization of C–H bonds represents a central challenge in modern organic synthesis. Despite decades of innovation in C–H activation chemistry, methods for Z-selective functionalization of alkenes have eluded synthetic practitioners. Terminal alkenes present the biggest challenge for Z-selectivity as they require selective cleavage of the more hindered of two otherwise virtually identical C–H bonds. Herein, we describe the transformation of alkenes into transient 1,2-bis-sulfonium intermediates found to undergo Z-selective elimination, overturning a textbook E2 stereoselectivity rule through stabilizing interactions. We identify paired electrolysis as an enabling strategy to both selectively generate the requisite bis-sulfonium intermediate and drive its rapid elimination in situ. The resultant Z-alkenyl sulfonium linchpins provide access to a wide array of Z-alkene targets from inexpensive feedstocks through robust cross-coupling reactions.
High-capacity, reversible hydrogen storage using H–-conducting solid electrolytes
使用H-導電固體電解質的高容量可逆儲氫
▲ 作者：Takashi Hirose, Naoki Matsui, Takashi Itoh, Yoyo Hinuma, Kazutaka Ikeda, Kazuma Gotoh, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw1996
▲摘要：固體中氫的吸附和脫附是電池和儲氫裝置中涉及的關鍵反應。然而，傳統的使用高容量材料的熱力學和電化學儲氫技術存在脫氫溫度高和電解質不穩定的問題。
研究組探索了氫離子（H-）驅動的電化學儲氫，開發了一種具有優異H-導電性和電化學穩定性的固體電解質：反α-AgI型Ba0.5Ca0.35Na0.15H1.85。這種電解質與幾種金屬氫電極兼容，如氫化鈦和氫化鎂（MgH2），可在低溫下實現高容量可逆儲氫。
具體而言，Mg-H2電池作為儲氫裝置（Mg + H2 = MgH2）在90℃下實現了每克2030毫安時的可逆容量，實現了安全高效的氫-電轉換和儲氫裝置。
▲ Abstract：Hydrogen absorption and desorption in solids are pivotal reactions involved in batteries and hydrogen storage devices. However, conventional thermodynamic and electrochemical hydrogen storage using high-capacity materials suffers from high hydrogen-desorption temperatures and instability of electrolytes. In this work, we explored electrochemical hydride ion (H–)–driven hydrogen storage and developed a solid electrolyte, anti–α-AgI–type Ba0.5Ca0.35Na0.15H1.85, which exhibits excellent H– conductivity and electrochemical stability. This electrolyte is compatible with several metal-hydrogen electrodes, such as titanim hydride and magnesium hydride (MgH2), allowing for high-capacity, reversible hydrogen storage at low temperatures. Specifically, Mg–H2 cells operating as hydrogen storage devices (Mg + H2 = MgH2) achieved a reversible capacity of 2030 milliampere hours per gram at 90°C, offering safe and efficient hydrogen-electricity conversion and hydrogen storage devices.
地球科學Earth Science
Crustal stresses and damage evolve throughout the seismic cycle of the Ridgecrest fault zone
地殼應力和破壞在里奇克雷斯特斷裂帶的整個地震周期中不斷演化
▲ 作者：JARED BRYAN, WILLIAM B. FRANK AND PASCAL AUDET
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu9116
▲摘要：地震通過斷層和周圍地殼的耦合演化，會突然釋放出隨時間緩慢積累的構造應力。地震波速跟蹤地殼變形和應力變化，但典型的監測方法對淺層最敏感。
利用接收器函數，研究組跟蹤了2019年里奇克雷斯特地震序列期間整個地殼破裂帶波速和各向異性變化。淺層同震波速下降在數月內恢復，而更深層的震后波速下降持續數年，未見可測量的恢復。
深而持久的波速下降可能反映了震后變形驅動的累積損害，這提出了兩種可能的情況：（i）波速和各向異性跟蹤長期應力演化的緩慢震間恢復；或（ii）未成熟斷裂帶的永久變形。這兩種情況都會影響地震周期的動力學和能量分配。
▲ Abstract：Earthquakes abruptly release tectonic stress that builds slowly over time through the coupled evolution of faults and the surrounding crust. Seismic wavespeeds track crustal deformation and stress changes, but typical monitoring methods are most sensitive to shallow depths. Using receiver functions, we tracked rupture-zone wavespeed and anisotropy changes throughout the crust during the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence. Shallow coseismic wavespeed reductions recovered within months, whereas a deeper postseismic wavespeed drop persisted without measurable recovery over several years. The deep, persistent wavespeed drop likely reflects accumulating damage driven by postseismic deformation, suggesting two possible scenarios: (i) a slow interseismic recovery where wavespeed and anisotropy track long-term stress evolution; or (ii) permanent deformation of an immature fault zone. Both scenarios affect the dynamics and energy budget of the seismic cycle.
More extreme Indian monsoon rainfall in El Niño summers
厄爾尼諾夏季印度季風降雨更極端
▲ 作者：SPENCER A. HILL, DESTINY ZAMIR MEYERS, ADAM H. SOBEL, MICHELA BIASUTTI, MARK A. CANE, MICHAEL K. TIPPETT, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg5577
▲摘要：印度夏季季風期間的極端降雨對這個世界第三大經濟體和人口最多的國家造成破壞性和致命性的影響。
雖然已知赤道太平洋的厄爾尼諾現象抑制了整個印度的夏季總降雨量，但研究組使用1901~2020年的觀測數據表明，與直覺相反，它們同時加劇了極端日降雨量。該現象部分歸因于對流浮力的極端日值增加，前提是考慮到近地面空氣的未稀釋不穩定性以及與上層干燥空氣混合而產生的稀釋。
厄爾尼諾可能會在其他熱帶地區引發類似的變化，該框架可進一步應用于每小時極值的變化、其他內部變率模式，以及氣候變化驅動的強迫趨勢。
▲ Abstract：Extreme rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon can be destructive and deadly to the world’s third-largest economy and most populous country. Although El Ni?o events in the equatorial Pacific are known to suppress total summer rainfall throughout India, we show using observational data spanning 1901 to 2020 that, counterintuitively, they simultaneously intensify extreme daily rainfall. This is partly driven by increases in extreme daily values of convective buoyancy, provided that both the undilute instability of near-surface air and the dilution by mixing with drier air above are considered. El Ni?o could plausibly drive similar changes in other tropical regions, and our framework could be further applied to changes in hourly extremes, to other internal variability modes, and to forced trends under climate change.
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