編譯|李言
Nature, 9 October 2025，Volume 646 Issue 8084
《自然》2025年10月9日，第646卷，8084期
物理Physics
Low-overhead transversal fault tolerance for universal quantum computation
通用量子計算的低開銷橫向容錯
▲ 作者：Hengyun Zhou, Chen Zhao et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09543-5
▲ 摘要：
研究展示了對于包括含魔術態輸入和前饋的表面碼在內的廣譜量子糾錯碼，僅需恒定次數的校驗提取輪次即可實現容錯的邏輯門操作，從而達到'橫向算法容錯'的目標。
通過橫向操作與關聯解碼新策略的結合，即使在僅能獲取部分校驗子信息的情況下，研究者仍能證明實際邏輯測量分布與理想情況的偏差可隨碼距呈指數級減小——即便因測量誤差導致瞬時量子態無法逼近邏輯碼字。
研究通過多組電路級仿真數據佐證了這一結論，驗證了該方案的容錯能力與優越性能。該研究為量子容錯理論提供了新視角，有望將實用化容錯量子計算的空間—時間成本降低一個數量級以上。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show that logical operations can be performed fault-tolerantly with only a constant number of extraction rounds for a broad class of quantum error correction codes, including the surface code with magic state inputs and feedforward, to achieve ‘transversal algorithmic fault tolerance’. Through the combination of transversal operations and new strategies for correlated decoding, despite only having access to partial syndrome information, we prove that the deviation from the ideal logical measurement distribution can be made exponentially small in the distance, even if the instantaneous quantum state cannot be made close to a logical codeword because of measurement errors. We supplement this proof with circuit-level simulations in a range of relevant settings, demonstrating the fault tolerance and competitive performance of our approach. Our work sheds new light on the theory of quantum fault tolerance and has the potential to reduce the space–time cost of practical fault-tolerant quantum computation by over an order of magnitude.
動物學Zoology
Engineered yeast provides rare but essential pollen sterols for honeybees
工程酵母為蜜蜂提供稀有但必需的花粉甾醇
▲ 作者：Elynor Moore, Raquel T. de Sousa et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09431-y
▲ 摘要：
研究報告了一項將對全球糧食安全產生深遠影響的蜜蜂營養學領域技術突破。該研究首先精確測定了蜜蜂組織中固醇類物質的含量與組成比例。通過這一信息，研究人員據此對產油酵母Yarrowia lipolytica進行基因改造，使其能合成蜜蜂所需的混合必需固醇，同時將這種工程酵母整合至營養全面的代用飼料。
食用該飼料的實驗蜂群的育雛持續時間顯著長于缺乏合適固醇的對照組。此項技術可將固醇補充劑有效融入花粉替代品，使蜂群在缺乏天然花粉的條件下仍能持續繁育后代。利用該酵母菌株研制的優化飼料還能緩解不同蜂種對自然花卉資源的競爭，有望遏制野生蜂種群數量下降的趨勢。
▲ Abstract：
Here we describe a technological advance in honeybee nutrition with wide-reaching impacts on global food security. We first measured the quantity and proportion of sterols present in honeybee tissues. Using this information, we genetically engineered a strain of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce a mixture of essential sterols for bees and incorporated this yeast strain into an otherwise nutritionally complete diet. Colonies exclusively fed with this diet reared brood for significantly longer than those fed diets without suitable sterols. The use of this method to incorporate sterol supplements into pollen substitutes will enable honeybee colonies to produce brood in the absence of floral pollen. Optimized diets created using this yeast strain could also reduce competition between bee species for access to natural floral resources and stem the decline in wild bee populations.
One mother for two species via obligate cross-species cloning in ants
通過螞蟻中的專性跨物種克隆實現一種母蟻繁育兩個物種
▲ 作者：Y. Juvé, C. Lutrat et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09425-w
▲ 摘要：
該研究報告了伊比利亞收獲蟻（Messor ibericus）的轉變：同一蟻后能產下分屬兩個不同物種的后代。在該生命周期中，雌蟻必須通過克隆另一種群的雄性個體來獲取其精子，以繁育工蟻。
因此，同母所產的雄性個體雖源于同一母體，卻展現出截然不同的基因組與形態特征——它們分屬于500萬年前就已分化的兩個物種。
該系統演化歷程呈現為：性寄生行為逐漸演化為跨物種克隆的自然案例，最終形成僅存雄性譜系、通過異種卵細胞進行克隆的生殖模式。研究者將具有此種生殖模式的雌性個體命名為“異種生殖”，意指她們在生命周期中會繁育其他物種。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we report a shift from this norm in Messor ibericus, an ant that lays individuals from two distinct species. In this life cycle, females must clone males of another species because they require their sperm to produce the worker caste. As a result, males from the same mother exhibit distinct genomes and morphologies, as they belong to species that diverged over 5?million years ago. The evolutionary history of this system appears as sexual parasitism that evolved into a natural case of cross-species cloning, resulting in the maintenance of a male-only lineage cloned through distinct species’ ova. We term females exhibiting this reproductive mode as xenoparous, meaning they give birth to other species as part of their life cycle.
生物學Chemistry
A nanobody specific to prefusion glycoprotein B neutralizes HSV-1 and HSV-2
可中和HSV-1與HSV-2的預融合糖蛋白B特異納米抗體
▲ 作者：Benjamin Vollmer, Henriette Ebel et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09438-5
▲ 摘要：
研究人員成功分離出預制離子特異性納米抗體，其中一種展現出強效的中和活性與跨物種活性。通過突變穩定化，研究人員解析了單純皰疹病毒1型（HSV-1）糖蛋白B全長預融合結構，從而精確鎖定了抗體結合表位。
研究分析揭示了gB的跨膜區域及多個未被解析的關鍵結構特征（包括新型融合環構象），為理解膜融合初始階段的構象變化機制提供了重要線索。
該納米抗體通過結合橫跨三個結構域的特異性表位（該表位僅在預融合狀態下空間鄰近），可將野生型HSV-2的gB穩定鎖定于預融合構象，并助力其天然預融合結構的解析。這一發現不僅闡明了抗體的中和機制，更為抗病毒藥物研發開辟了新路徑。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show the isolation of prefusion-specific nanobodies, one of which exhibits strong neutralizing and cross-species activity. By mutational stabilization we solved the herpes simplex virus 1 gB full-length prefusion structure, which allowed the bound epitope to be determined. Our analyses show the membrane-embedded regions of gB and previously unresolved structural features, including a new fusion loop arrangement, providing insights into the initial conformational changes required for membrane fusion. Binding an epitope spanning three domains, proximal only in the prefusion state, the nanobody keeps wild-type HSV-2 gB in this conformation and enabled its native prefusion structure to be determined. This also indicates the mode of neutralization and an attractive avenue for antiviral interventions.
古人類學Paleoanthropology
Hominins on Sulawesi during the Early Pleistocene
早更新世蘇拉威西島的古人類
▲ 作者：Budianto Hakim, Unggul Prasetyo Wibowo et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09348-6
▲ 摘要：
研究人員在卡利奧遺址附近的化石層中發現了石器，通過沉積巖的古地磁測年法以及對牙齒化石結合的鈾系法與電子自旋共振法測定，該地層年代可追溯至至少104萬年，并可能早至148萬年。
卡利奧遺址早更新世石器的發現表明，古人類棲息于蘇拉威西島的時間即使不早于弗洛雷斯島，也與之大致處于同一時期。
▲ Abstract：
Here we show that stone artefacts also occur at the nearby site of Calio in fossiliferous layers dated to at least 1.04?Ma and possibly up to 1.48?Ma, using palaeomagnetic dating of sedimentary rocks and coupled Uranium-series (U-series) and electron-spin resonance (US–ESR) dating of fossil teeth. The discovery of Early Pleistocene artefacts at Calio suggests that Sulawesi was populated by hominins at around the same time as Flores, if not earlier.
醫學Medicine
Epidemiology models explain rumour spreading during France’s Great Fear of 1789
流行病學模型解釋1789年法國“大恐慌”中的謠言傳播
▲ 作者：Stefano Zapperi, Constant Varlet-Bertrand et al.
▲ 鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09392-2
▲ 摘要：
研究收集了現存“大恐慌”時期的歷史記載，運用流行病學分析工具與模型重構了謠言在城鎮間的傳播網絡。據此，研究人員量化了謠言的時空擴散規律，并且計算出其基本再生數等關鍵流行病學參數。
結合18世紀法國道路網絡結構數據，研究人員預計大恐慌最可能的傳播路徑，并精準量化了其傳播速度的分布特征。通過構建的傳播網絡中納入與當時制度、人口及社會經濟狀況相關的多維度指標（包括識字率、人口規模、政治參與度、小麥價格、收入水平、所有權法規及土地分配不平等程度），研究人員精確計算出與大恐慌傳播相關的驅動因素。
該研究為闡釋大恐慌對法國大革命的歷史意義提供了新的量化證據，針對學界長期爭議的“情感驅動論”與“理性選擇論”之爭給出了基于數據模型的解答。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we collect existing historical records related to the Great Fear and use epidemiology tools and models to reconstruct the network of its transmission from town to town. In this way, we quantify the spatiotemporal spread of the rumours and compute key epidemiological parameters, such as the basic reproduction number. Exploiting information on the structure of the road network in eighteenth century France, we estimate the most probable diffusion paths of the Great Fear and quantify the distribution of spreading velocities. By endowing the nodes in our reconstructed network with indicators related to the institutional, demographic and socio-economic conditions of the time, including literacy, population size, political participation, wheat prices, income and ownership laws, and the unequal distribution of land ownership, we compute factors associated with spread of the Great Fear. Our analysis sheds light on unresolved historiographic issues on the significance of the Great Fear for the French Revolution, providing a quantitative answer to the unresolved debate between the role of emotions and rationality in explaining its diffusion.
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