編譯|未玖
Science, 28 AUG 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6763
《科學》2025年8月28日，第389卷，6763期
物理學Physics
Classical-decisive quantum internet by integrated photonics
基于集成光子學的經典決策型量子互聯網
▲ 作者：YICHI ZHANG, ROBERT BROBERG, ALAN ZHU, GUSHU LI, LI GE, JONATHAN M. SMITH, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx6176
▲摘要：
傳統上，經典技術和量子技術被認為是正交的，經典系統是確定性的，而量子系統本質上是概率性的。這種差異阻礙了可擴展量子互聯網的發展，即使全球互聯網仍在不斷擴大。
研究組報道了一種經典決策型量子互聯網架構，其中量子信息集成到先進的光子技術中，可在商用部署的光纖網絡上實現高效的糾纏分布。經典信頭和量子有效載荷間的片上精確同步實現了經典光引導的高保真糾纏的動態路由和網絡管理。
量子態通過實時誤差修正機制得以保存，僅依靠經典信號讀出而不干擾量子信息。這些經典決策型特征展示了使用現有網絡基礎設施和操作系統實現可擴展量子互聯網的實用途徑。
▲ Abstract：
Classical and quantum technologies have traditionally been viewed as orthogonal, with classical systems being deterministic and quantum systems inherently probabilistic. This distinction hinders the development of a scalable quantum internet even as the global internet continues expanding. We report a classical-decisive quantum internet architecture in which the integration of quantum information into advanced photonic technologies enables efficient entanglement distribution over a commercially deployed fiber network. On-chip precise synchronization between classical headers and quantum payloads enables dynamic routing and networking of high-fidelity entanglement guided by classical light. The quantum states are preserved through real-time error mitigation, relying solely on classical signal readout without disturbing quantum information. These classical-decisive features demonstrate a practical path to a scalable quantum internet using existing network infrastructure and operating systems.
材料科學Materials Science
Deciphering icosahedra structural evolution with atomically precise silver nanoclusters
原子精度銀納米簇解析二十面體結構演變
▲ 作者：FENG HU, GAOYUAN YANG, LU-MING ZHENG, GUI-JIE LIANG AND QUAN-MING WANG
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx6639
▲摘要：
確定納米顆粒（NPs）的原子結構對于理解其結構演變和性質至關重要。然而，由于存在諸多相互競爭的途徑，控制多重孿晶金屬NPs的生長仍頗具挑戰性。
在這項工作中，研究組報道了通過配體工程和動力學控制實現的兩個巨型銀二十面體納米簇[Ag213(C≡CR1)96]5?和[Ag429Cl24(C≡CR2)150]5?（Ag213和Ag429，R1=3,4,5-F3C6H2和R2=4-CF3C6H4）。單晶X射線衍射顯示，Ag213和Ag429分別具有多層二十面體Ag141 |(Ag13@Ag42@Ag86)和Ag297 (Ag13@Ag42@Ag92@Ag150)核。
值得注意的是，擁有260個價電子的Ag429是迄今為止報道的最大的含Ag0納米簇。這兩個巨型銀納米簇本質上是金屬的，其等離子體吸收和依賴于泵浦功率的激發態動力學證實了這一點。它們精確的原子結構支持銀二十面體從核到種子的“逐層演變”。
▲ Abstract：
Determining the atomic structure of nanoparticles (NPs) is critical for understanding their structural evolution and properties. However, controlling the growth of multiply-twinned metal NPs remains challenging because of numerous competing pathways. In this work, we report the synthesis of two giant silver icosahedral nanoclusters, [Ag213(C≡CR1)96]5? and [Ag429Cl24(C≡CR2)150]5? (Ag213 and Ag429, R1 =3,4,5-F3C6H2 and R2 = 4-CF3C6H4), achieved through ligand engineering and kinetic control. Single-crystal x-ray diffraction reveals that Ag213 and Ag429 have multilayered icosahedral Ag141 |(Ag13@Ag42@Ag86) and Ag297 (Ag13@Ag42@Ag92@Ag150) cores, respectively. Notably, Ag429 with 260 valence electrons is the largest Ag0-containing nanocluster reported to date. These two giant silver nanoclusters are metallic in nature, as confirmed by their plasmonic absorption and pump-power–dependent excited-state dynamics. Their atomically precise structures support the layer-by-layer evolution from nuclei to seeds of silver icosahedra.
Launching by cavitation
空化發射
▲ 作者：DALEI WANG, ZIXIAO LIU, HONGPING ZHAO, HUANQI QIN, GONGXUN BAI, CHI CHEN, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu8943
▲摘要：
空化的特點是在液體的低壓或高溫區域形成蒸汽泡，通常具有破壞性，但可用于執行器和機器人。
研究組利用空化現象在過熱液體中積累大量能量，通過抑制其立即釋放，直到達到穩定極限。這些充滿能量的、不穩定的氣泡劇烈破裂，爆發出超高功率和沖力，從而引發運動。
值得注意的是，通過空化作用發射的毫米級器件可以跳到1.5米的高度，達到每秒12米（m/s）的峰值速度、7.14×104m/s2的加速度和0.64%的能源效率，并且還能以每秒12厘米的速度在水面上游泳。基于空化的發射適用于各種設備材料、液體介質、刺激和操作環境。
▲ Abstract：
Cavitation, characterized by formation of vapor bubbles in a low-pressure or high-temperature region of a liquid, is often destructive, but it can be harnessed for actuators and robots. We exploit cavitation to accumulate substantial energy in superheated liquids by suppressing its immediate release until reaching a stability limit. The energetic, unstable bubbles collapse violently, producing a burst of high power and force that initiates motion. Notably, a millimeter-scale device launched by cavitation can jump to a height of 1.5 meters—reaching a 12 meters per second (m/s) peak velocity, a 7.14 × 104 m/s2 acceleration, and a 0.64% energy efficiency—and can also swim on water at 12 centimeters per second. Cavitation-based launching works with a broad range of device materials, liquid media, stimuli, and operational environments.
地球科學Earth Science
Heavily polluted Tijuana River drives regional air quality crisis
嚴重污染的蒂華納河引發區域空氣質量危機
▲ 作者：BENJAMIN RICO, KELLEY C. BARSANTI, WILLIAM C. PORTER, KAROLINA CYSNEIROS DE CARVALHO, PAULA STIGLER-GRANADOS AND KIMBERLY A. PRATHER
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv1343
▲摘要：
幾十年來，工業化學品和未經處理的污水一直污染著蒂華納河，最近導致加州海灘連續1300天關閉。在2024年夏季，盡管沒有下雨，廢水流量仍飆升至每天數百萬加侖，增強了湍流熱點地區硫化氫（H2S）和其他有毒氣體的水-空氣轉移。
高廢水流量和低風速導致夜間H2S峰值達到4500 ppb，超過了<1 ppb的典型城市水平。H2S濃度與社區異味報告呈強相關（相關系數r=0.92），證實了長期被忽視的社區聲音，并強調了環境不公正。
這項研究表明，水質差會嚴重影響空氣質量（盡管很少被納入空氣質量模型和健康評估），隨著全球受污染水道的增加，這會產生深遠的影響。
▲ Abstract：
Industrial chemicals and untreated sewage have polluted the Tijuana River for decades, recently causing >1300 consecutive days of California beach closures. In summer 2024, wastewater flows surged to millions of gallons per day despite no rain, enhancing water-to-air transfer of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other toxic gases at a turbulent hotspot. High wastewater flows and low winds led to nighttime H2S peaks, reaching 4500 parts per billion (ppb)—exceeding typical urban levels of <1 ppb. H2S levels and community malodor reports were strongly correlated (correlation coefficient r = 0.92), validating long-dismissed community voices and highlighting an environmental injustice. This study demonstrates that poor water quality can substantially affect air quality—although rarely included in air quality models and health assessments—with far-reaching implications as polluted waterways increase globally.
Seismic evidence for a highly heterogeneous martian mantle
火星地幔高度異質性的地震證據
▲ 作者：CONSTANTINOS CHARALAMBOUS, W. THOMAS PIKE, DOYEON KIM, HENRI SAMUEL, BENJAMIN FERNANDO, CARYS BILL, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk4292
▲摘要：
行星的內部如同一個時間膠囊，保存著其早期歷史的線索。
研究組報告了在整個火星地幔中發現的千米尺度的異質性，通過深度探測火星地震釋放能量的明顯波前畸變來識別。這些異質性可能是行星形成時的遺留產物，意味著地幔在緩慢對流的驅動下經歷了有限的混合。
異質性的尺寸和殘存情況約束了火星鮮為人知的地幔流變學，表明其粘度高達1021.3至1021.9帕斯卡-秒，低溫依賴性低，有效活化能為70至90千焦/摩爾，表明地幔變形由位錯蠕變引起。有限的混合，再加上普遍存在、尺度無關的異質性，反映了火星地幔的高度無序，這是單板行星更原始的內部演化特征，與構造活躍的地球形成鮮明對比。
▲ Abstract：
A planet’s interior is a time capsule, preserving clues to its early history. We report the discovery of kilometer-scale heterogeneities throughout Mars’ mantle, detected seismically through pronounced wavefront distortion of energy arriving from deeply probing marsquakes. These heterogeneities, likely remnants of the planet’s formation, imply a mantle that has undergone limited mixing driven by sluggish convection. Their size and survival constrain Mars’ poorly known mantle rheology, indicating a high viscosity of 1021.3 to 1021.9 pascal-seconds and low temperature dependence, with an effective activation energy of 70 to 90 kilojoules per mole, suggesting a mantle deforming by dislocation creep. The limited mixing, coupled with ubiquitous, scale-invariant heterogeneities, reflects a highly disordered mantle, characteristic of the more primitive interior evolution of a single-plate planet, contrasting sharply with the tectonically active Earth.
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