Science, 25 Sep 2025, VOL 389, ISSUE 6767
《科學》2025年9月25日，第389卷，6767期
地球科學Earth Science
Instability in the geological regulation of Earth’s climate
地球氣候地質調控的不穩定性
▲ 作者：Dominik Hülse and Andy Ridgwell
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh7730
▲摘要：
陸地硅酸鹽礦物風化介導的氣候與大氣二氧化碳之間的負反饋，此前被認為是地質時間尺度上地球氣候的主要調節機制。相反，我們發現涉及有機質的快速反饋不僅對地球系統恢復至關重要，還可能引發意想不到的不穩定性。
我們的地球系統模型實驗表明，沉積有機碳埋藏作用在氧化還原敏感性磷再生機制的放大效應下，能夠超越硅酸鹽風化作用，并在響應大規模二氧化碳釋放時反常地驅動氣候過度冷卻。
這種不穩定性不僅取決于全球磷循環狀態，還受硅酸鹽風化與有機碳埋藏初始平衡的影響。該現象在中等海洋氧化還原狀態下表現最為顯著，這可能有助于理解過去冰河期的形成時機。
▲ Abstract：
Negative feedback between climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), mediated by the weathering of silicate minerals on land, is thought to provide the primary regulation of Earth’s climate on geological timescales. By contrast, we found that faster feedbacks involving organic matter are not only critical to Earth system recovery but can also create unexpected instability. Our Earth system model experiments show how sedimentary organic carbon burial, amplified by redox-sensitive phosphorus regeneration, can outweigh silicate weathering and paradoxically drive climate overcooling in response to massive CO2 release. This instability depends on the initial balance between silicate weathering and organic carbon burial in addition to the state of global phosphorus cycling. It is most strongly expressed at intermediate ocean redox states, which may help us understand the timing of past ice ages.
古人類學Paleoanthropology
The phylogenetic position of the Yunxian cranium elucidates the origin of Homo longi and the Denisovans
鄖縣頭骨的系統發育位置揭示龍人與丹尼索瓦人的起源
▲ 作者：Xiaobo Feng, Qiyu Yin et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado9202
▲摘要：
中更新世時期曾存在多種人屬物種的共存現象。這些化石究竟代表不同物種還是不同演化支系，學界一直存在爭議。來自中國、距今約百萬年的鄖縣2號化石，對于理解人屬的支系發生及智人起源具有重要意義。在這項研究中，我們采用最新技術對變形的鄖縣2號頭骨進行修復與重建。
結果顯示，該頭骨呈現原始特征與衍生特征鑲嵌共存的特點。形態計量學與系統發育分析表明，它是亞洲龍人演化支的早期成員——該支系包含丹尼索瓦人，并構成智人演化支的姊妹群主體。
智人與龍人兩支系均具有可追溯至中更新世之前的深遠演化根基，且可能經歷了快速的早期分化。鄖縣2號頭骨可能保存了接近這兩個支系起源階段的過渡性特征。
▲ Abstract：
Diverse forms of Homo coexisted during the Middle Pleistocene. Whether these fossil humans represent different species or clades is debated. The ~1-million-year-old Yunxian 2 fossil from China is important for understanding the cladogenesis of Homo and the origin of Homo sapiens. In this study, we restored and reconstructed the distorted Yunxian 2 cranium using recently introduced technology. The results show that this cranium displays mosaic primitive and derived features. Morphometric and phylogenetic analyses suggest that it is an early member of the Asian H. longi clade, which includes the Denisovans and is the main part of the sister group to the H. sapiens clade. Both the H. sapiens and H. longi clades have deep roots extending beyond the Middle Pleistocene and probably experienced rapid early diversification. Yunxian 2 may preserve transitional features close to the origins of the two clades.
物理學Physics
Quantum learning advantage on a scalable photonic platform
可擴展光子平臺上的量子學習優勢
▲ 作者：Zheng-Hao Liu, Romain Brunel et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv2560
▲摘要：
量子技術的最新進展表明，量子系統在特定任務中可超越經典系統，這一概念被稱為量子優勢。盡管既往研究主要聚焦于計算加速，但能夠被嚴格證明且經典系統無法實現的量子優勢始終難以實現。
在這項研究中，通過實施量子增強的高維物理過程學習協議，研究者展示了可證明的光子量子優勢。利用不完美的愛因斯坦—波多爾斯基—羅森糾纏態，研究者實現了相較于無糾纏經典方法11.8個數量級的樣本復雜度降低。
這些結果表明，大規模可證明的量子優勢可通過現有光子技術實現，標志著量子計量與機器學習領域向實用化量子增強學習協議邁出關鍵一步。
▲ Abstract：
Recent advances in quantum technologies have demonstrated that quantum systems can outperform classical ones in specific tasks, a concept known as quantum advantage. Although previous efforts have focused on computational speedups, a definitive and provable quantum advantage that is unattainable by any classical system has remained elusive. In this work, we demonstrate a provable photonic quantum advantage by implementing a quantum-enhanced protocol for learning a high-dimensional physical process. Using imperfect Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen entanglement, we achieve a sample complexity reduction of 11.8 orders of magnitude compared to classical methods without entanglement. These results show that large-scale, provable quantum advantage is achievable with current photonic technology and represent a key step toward practical quantum-enhanced learning protocols in quantum metrology and machine learning.
動物學Zoology
Global selection on insect antipredator coloration
昆蟲警戒色的全球自然選擇規律
▲ 作者：Iliana Medina, Alice Exnerová et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr7368
▲摘要：
自然選擇反復催生了兩種警戒色策略的演化：通過偽裝避免被發現，或通過警戒作用宣揚自身的不可食性，但研究者依然缺少對于生態背景如何促使其中一種策略勝出的理解。
研究者在全球六大洲21個地點開展重復捕食實驗，通過15018只具有隱蔽色或警戒色的人造紙質“飛蛾”獵物，檢驗捕食者群落、獵物群落及視覺環境如何影響捕食風險。
結果表明，警戒作用策略在捕食強度低的環境中更具優勢，而偽裝策略則在其他偽裝獵物物種稀少且光照水平較低時更有利。這項研究揭示了多重機制如何塑造防御策略，為解釋偽裝與警戒作用動物的演化及全球分布提供了新見解。
▲ Abstract：
Natural selection has repeatedly led to the evolution of two alternative antipredator color strategies—camouflage to avoid detection and aposematism to advertise unprofitability—but we lack understanding of how ecological context favors one strategy over the other. We conducted a globally replicated predation experiment at 21 sites on six continents to test how predator community, prey community, and visual environment influenced the predation risk of 15,018 artificial paper “moth” prey with cryptic or warning coloration. Results indicated that aposematic strategies fare better in environments with low predation intensity, whereas camouflage strategies are advantaged when other camouflaged prey species are rare and when light levels are low. This study demonstrates how multiple mechanisms shape antipredator strategies, helping to explain the evolution and global distribution of camouflaged and aposematic animals.
Fungus-farming termites can protect their crop by confining weeds with fungistatic soil boluses
培植共生真菌的白蟻通過抑菌土囊限制雜草以保護真菌作物
▲ 作者：Aanchal Panchal , Ruchira Sen et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2713
▲摘要：
如果未能有效防控入侵雜草，培植真菌的白蟻的共生農業體系便可能崩潰。此前的研究假設共生抑真菌微生物在雜草控制中發揮作用。但是，白蟻如何利用這些微生物抑制雜草而不影響其培養菌株的機制尚未明確。
研究展示了培植真菌的白蟻Odontotermes obeus通過特定行為移除、隔離并抑制真菌雜草Pseudoxylaria的生長，其主要方式是用含抑菌微生物的土囊包裹雜草。
這些行為能高效抑制雜草生長且不影響真菌作物。這種將特定行為與白蟻源微生物相結合的機制，揭示了白蟻如何局部施用微生物以限制雜草同時保護作物的直接作用原理。
▲ Abstract：
The symbiotic agriculture of fungus-farming termites can collapse if they fail to prevent invading weeds. Previous studies suggest a role for symbiotic fungistatic microbes in bringing about weed control. However, how termites employ these microbes to suppress fungal weeds without affecting the fungal cultivar remains unknown. We show that the fungus-farming termite Odontotermes obesus uses specific behaviors to remove, isolate, and suppress the growth of the fungal weed Pseudoxylaria, primarily by encasing it with soil boluses containing fungistatic microbes. These behaviors efficiently suppress the weed without affecting the crop. This integration of specific behaviors with termite-derived microbes appears to be the proximate mechanism of how microbes are topically used by termites to confine the weed while keeping the crop unaffected.
生態學Chemistry
Critical habitat thresholds for effective pollinator conservation in agricultural landscapes
農業景觀中有效保護傳粉媒介的關鍵生境閾值
▲ 作者：Gabriella A. Bishop, David Kleijn et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2146
▲摘要：
人類主導景觀中的生物多樣性正持續衰退，但依然缺乏可用于指導此類景觀的、基于實證的保護目標的國際政策。
研究者提出一個面向生境保護政策的決策框架，該框架通過提升生境數量與質量來制定保護策略，并定義了當生境數量達到特定閾值時需同步優先考慮質量優化的關鍵節點。研究綜合分析了來自19個國家的59項研究數據，將此框架應用于農業生態系統生物多樣性的重要組成部分——傳粉昆蟲。
在低生境質量條件下，食蚜蠅的閾值最低（半自然生境覆蓋率達6%），其次為獨居蜂（16%）、熊蜂（18%）和蝴蝶（37%）。這些數值代表了農業景觀中的最低生境閾值，但當生境數量受限時，需顯著提升生境質量才能達到相當的保育效果。
▲ Abstract：
Biodiversity in human-dominated landscapes is declining, but evidence-based conservation targets to guide international policies for such landscapes are lacking. We present a framework for informing habitat conservation policies based on the enhancement of habitat quantity and quality and define thresholds of habitat quantity at which it becomes effective to also prioritize habitat quality. We applied this framework to insect pollinators, an important part of agroecosystem biodiversity, by synthesizing 59 studies from 19 countries. Given low habitat quality, hoverflies had the lowest threshold at 6% semi-natural habitat cover, followed by solitary bees (16%), bumble bees (18%), and butterflies (37%). These figures represent minimum habitat thresholds in agricultural landscapes, but when habitat quantity is restricted, marked increases in quality are required to reach similar outcomes.
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