Science, 9 OCT 2025, VOL 390, ISSUE 6769
《科學(xué)》2025年10月9日，第390卷，6769期
物理學(xué)Physics
Wavefront shaping enables high-power multimode fiber amplifier with output focus
波前整形實(shí)現(xiàn)具有輸出聚焦的高功率多模光纖放大器
▲ 作者：STEFAN ROTHE, CHUN-WEI CHEN, PEYMAN AHMADI, KYEOREH LEE, KABISH WISAL, MERT ERCAN, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady2226
▲摘要：高功率光纖激光器是用于科學(xué)、工業(yè)和國防的強(qiáng)大工具。單頻光纖激光放大器進(jìn)一步放大功率的主要障礙是受激布里淵散射。學(xué)界已努力減輕這種非線性過程，但大多局限于具有良好光束質(zhì)量的單模或少模光纖放大器。
研究組探索了一種高度多模光纖放大器，通過大光纖芯降低光強(qiáng)，多模激發(fā)拓寬布里淵散射譜，受激布里淵散射得到了極大的抑制。將空間波前整形技術(shù)應(yīng)用于非線性放大器的輸入光，可將輸出光束聚焦到衍射極限光斑上。
該多模光纖放大器可在高功率、高效率和窄線寬下工作，確保了高相干性。光波前整形可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多模激光放大的相干控制，在相干光束組合、大規(guī)模干涉測量和定向能量傳輸方面具有應(yīng)用潛力。
▲ Abstract：High-power fiber lasers are powerful tools used in science, industry, and defense. A major roadblock for further power scaling of single-frequency fiber laser amplifiers is stimulated Brillouin scattering. Efforts have been made to mitigate this nonlinear process, but these were mostly limited to single-mode or few-mode fiber amplifiers, which have good beam quality. Here, we explored a highly multimode fiber amplifier in which stimulated Brillouin scattering was greatly suppressed due to a reduction of light intensity in a large fiber core and a broadening of the Brillouin scattering spectrum by multimode excitation. By applying a spatial wavefront shaping technique to the input light of a nonlinear amplifier, the output beam was focused to a diffraction-limited spot. Our multimode fiber amplifier can operate at high power with high efficiency and narrow linewidth, which ensures high coherence. Optical wavefront shaping enables coherent control of multimode laser amplification, with potential applications in coherent beam combining, large-scale interferometry and directed energy delivery.
Photo-induced nonvolatile rewritable ferroaxial switching
光致非易失性可重寫鐵軸開關(guān)
▲ 作者：Z. ZENG , M. F?RST, M. FECHNER, D. PRABHAKARAN, P. G. RADAELLI AND A. CAVALLERI
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz5230
▲摘要：鐵相的超快切換是一個(gè)具有技術(shù)潛力的活躍研究領(lǐng)域。然而，一些關(guān)鍵挑戰(zhàn)仍然存在，涵蓋從鐵磁體的有限速度到鐵電體中去極化場導(dǎo)致的切換域內(nèi)在波動(dòng)性。
與這些鐵性系統(tǒng)不同，鐵軸材料具有保持空間反演和時(shí)間反演對(duì)稱性的雙穩(wěn)態(tài)，因此不受去極化場的影響，但也難以用傳統(tǒng)方法進(jìn)行操控。
研究組通過設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)由圓偏振驅(qū)動(dòng)太赫茲聲子模組成的有效軸場來證明光誘導(dǎo)的鐵軸序切換。一個(gè)切換鐵軸域可穩(wěn)定維持?jǐn)?shù)小時(shí)，并可用反旋的第二束太赫茲脈沖反轉(zhuǎn)回來。這項(xiàng)工作所展示的效應(yīng)有望構(gòu)建一個(gè)穩(wěn)健的超快信息存儲(chǔ)平臺(tái)。
▲ Abstract：Ultrafast switching of ferroic phases is an active research area with technological potential. Yet, some key challenges remain, ranging from limited speeds in ferromagnets to intrinsic volatility of switched domains owing to depolarizing fields in ferroelectrics. Unlike these ferroic systems, ferroaxial materials host bistable states that preserve spatial-inversion and time-reversal symmetry and are therefore immune to depolarizing fields but also difficult to manipulate with conventional methods. We demonstrate photo-induced switching of ferroaxial order by engineering an effective axial field composed of circularly driven terahertz phonon modes. A switched ferroaxial domain remains stable for many hours and can be reversed back with a second terahertz pulse of opposite helicity. The effects demonstrated in this work may lead to the development of a robust platform for ultrafast information storage.
材料科學(xué)Materials Science
Anion sublattice design enables superionic conductivity in crystalline oxyhalides
陰離子亞晶格設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)晶體鹵氧化物超離子導(dǎo)體
▲ 作者：FEIPENG ZHAO, SHUMIN ZHANG, SHUO WANG, JOEL W. REID, WEI XIA, JUE LIU, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adt9678
▲ 摘要：固態(tài)電池因其固有安全性而成為吸引人的儲(chǔ)能系統(tǒng)，但其發(fā)展取決于先進(jìn)的固態(tài)電解質(zhì)（SSEs）。大多數(shù)SSE在很大程度上仍局限于單陰離子體系（例如，硫化物、氧化物、鹵化物和聚合物）。
通過混合陰離子設(shè)計(jì)策略，研究組開發(fā)了晶體Li3Ta3O4Cl10（LTOC）及其衍生物，具有優(yōu)異的離子電導(dǎo)率（在25℃時(shí)高達(dá)13.7毫西門子/厘米）和電化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性。
LTOC結(jié)構(gòu)具有由共享頂點(diǎn)氧原子和末端氯原子組成的混合陰離子螺旋鏈，可誘導(dǎo)形成具有低能壘的連續(xù)“四面體-四面體”鋰離子遷移路徑。
此外，LTOC具有整體陰極兼容性，使固態(tài)電池能夠在4.9伏特（vs. Li/Li+）電壓和低至-50℃的低溫下穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行。該發(fā)現(xiàn)描述了一類可用于高性能固態(tài)電池的頗有前景的超離子導(dǎo)體。
▲ Abstract：Solid-state batteries are attractive energy storage systems as a result of their inherent safety, but their development hinges on advanced solid-state electrolytes (SSEs). Most SSEs remain largely confined to single-anion systems (e.g., sulfides, oxides, halides, and polymers). Through mixed-anion design strategy, we develop crystalline Li3Ta3O4Cl10 (LTOC) and its derivatives with excellent ionic conductivities (up to 13.7 millisiemens per centimeter at 25°C) and electrochemical stability. The LTOC structure features mixed-anion spiral chains, consisting of corner-shared oxygen and terminal chlorine atoms, which induces continuous “tetrahedron-tetrahedron” Li-ion migration pathways with low energy barriers. Additionally, LTOC demonstrates holistic cathode compatibility, enabling solid-state batteries operation at 4.9 volts versus Li/Li+ and low temperature, down to ?50°C. These findings describe a promising class of superionic conductors for high-performance solid-state batteries.
地球科學(xué)Earth Science
Tropical forest carbon offsets deliver partial gains amid persistent over-crediting
在持續(xù)過度碳信貸中，熱帶森林的碳抵消帶來了部分氣候效益
▲ 作者：YUZHI TANG, CHAO YANG, HAISHAN WU, ZIHAO XU, LINLIN TAN, WEI TU, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw4094
▲ 摘要：REDD+（減少毀林和森林退化所致排放量及另外活動(dòng)）項(xiàng)目產(chǎn)生碳信用額來抵消排放，但最近的研究對(duì)其有效性提出了質(zhì)疑。
研究組使用綜合控制方法評(píng)估了12個(gè)熱帶國家的52個(gè)自愿性REDD+項(xiàng)目。只有少數(shù)項(xiàng)目單位的森林砍伐在統(tǒng)計(jì)上顯著減少，只有19%的項(xiàng)目單位達(dá)到了申報(bào)排放目標(biāo)。
盡管如此，許多表現(xiàn)不佳的項(xiàng)目仍產(chǎn)生了部分氣候效益，估計(jì)有13.2%的可交易碳信用得到了反事實(shí)分析的支持。項(xiàng)目效果因地區(qū)而異，巴西和非洲的表現(xiàn)更優(yōu)。盡管系統(tǒng)性的超量碳信貸仍有待解決，但研究結(jié)果表明，氣候效益優(yōu)于此前評(píng)估。
改進(jìn)基線方法和加強(qiáng)核查框架對(duì)于提高森林碳抵消項(xiàng)目的可信度和影響至關(guān)重要。
▲ Abstract：REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Plus) projects generate carbon credits to offset emissions, but recent studies have questioned their effectiveness. We evaluated 52 voluntary REDD+ projects across 12 tropical countries using synthetic control methods. Only a minority of project units showed statistically significant reductions in deforestation, and just 19% met their reported emissions targets. Nonetheless, many underperforming projects still delivered partial climate benefits, with an estimated 13.2% of tradable credits supported by counterfactual analysis. Effectiveness varied by region, with stronger performance in Brazil and Africa. Although systematic over-crediting remains a concern, our results suggest greater climate benefits than previous assessments. Improving baseline methodologies and strengthening verification frameworks will be essential for enhancing the credibility and impact of forest carbon offsets.
植物學(xué)Botany
SALICYLIC ACID SENSOR1 reveals the propagation of an SA hormone surge during plant pathogen advance
水楊酸傳感器1揭示植物病原體進(jìn)展過程中SA激素激增的傳播
▲ 作者：BIJUN TANG, JING LU, HANA LEONTOVY?OVá, GESA HOFFMANN, JAMES H. ROWE, SACHA FOUQUAY O’DONNELL, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adw7650
▲ 摘要：水楊酸（SA）是一種關(guān)鍵植物激素，可調(diào)控針對(duì)包括丁香假單胞菌等病原體的免疫反應(yīng)。SA積累的時(shí)間和程度受到植物的精確控制，但可被病原體抑制以降低免疫力。
由于現(xiàn)有檢測方法存在間接性、破壞性、缺乏細(xì)胞精度和時(shí)間分辨率等局限性，在高時(shí)空分辨率下解析SA動(dòng)力學(xué)仍頗具挑戰(zhàn)性。
研究組開發(fā)了SalicS1，這是一種針對(duì)SA的基因編碼熒光共振能量轉(zhuǎn)移（FRET）生物傳感器。SalicS1能夠?qū)崟r(shí)、可逆地監(jiān)測體內(nèi)SA水平，對(duì)內(nèi)源性信號(hào)的干擾最小。研究組揭示了從細(xì)菌感染位點(diǎn)傳播的SA激增的時(shí)空保真度。SalicS1有助于精確理解作物對(duì)病原體抗性的SA動(dòng)力學(xué)。
▲ Abstract：Salicylic acid (SA) is a key phytohormone that orchestrates immune responses against pathogens, including Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. The timing and extent of SA accumulation are tightly controlled by plants but can be suppressed by pathogens to overcome immunity. Understanding SA dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution remains challenging owing to limitations in existing detection methods that are indirect, destructive, or lacking in cellular precision and temporal resolution. We developed SalicS1, a genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor specific to SA. SalicS1 enables real-time, reversible monitoring of SA levels in vivo with minimal perturbation of endogenous signaling. We reveal the propagation of an SA surge spreading from bacterial infection sites with spatiotemporal fidelity. SalicS1 unlocks precise understanding of SA dynamics underpinning crop resilience to pathogens.
動(dòng)物學(xué)Zoology
Greater noctule bats prey on and consume passerines in flight
大夜行蝙蝠捕食飛行中的雀形目鳥類
▲ 作者：L. STIDSHOLT, E. TENA, I. FOSKOLOS, J. NOGUERAS, I. DE LA HERA, S. SáNCHEZ-NAVARRO, ET AL.
▲鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr2475
▲摘要：盡管數(shù)十億只雀形目鳥類夜間在高空進(jìn)行季節(jié)性遷徙，但人們僅發(fā)現(xiàn)三種蝙蝠在持續(xù)利用這一豐富的獵物資源。然而，尚不清楚這些蝙蝠在何處以及如何定位、捕捉和吞食相對(duì)較大的雀形目獵物。
研究組使用高分辨率生物標(biāo)記來揭示碩棕蝠可飛升到高空，進(jìn)行長時(shí)間的回聲引導(dǎo)追逐，并在飛行中捕食遷徙的雀形目鳥類。
這些捕食者通過超聲波回聲定位、長時(shí)間追逐和空中捕食等專屬感官通道，可在高空捕食夜間遷徙的雀形目鳥類，從而獨(dú)享大多數(shù)捕食者無法獲得的豐富食物資源。
▲ Abstract：Despite billions of passerines seasonally migrating during the night at high altitudes, only three bat species have been found to consistently tap into this rich prey resource. However, it remains unknown where and how these bats locate, catch, and ingest relatively large passerine prey. Here, we used high-resolution biologging tags to reveal that greater noctule bats (Nyctalus lasiopterus) ascend to high altitudes, engage in long echo-guided chases, and consume migrating passerines in flight. By using a private sensory channel through ultrasonic echolocation, prolonged chasing, and mid-air prey consumption, these predators can hunt nocturnally migrating passerines at high altitudes and therefore exploit a rich food resource that remains largely inaccessible to most predators.
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