Nature, 31 July 2025, Volume 643, Issue 8074
《自然》2025年7月31日，第643卷，8074期
物理學(xué)Physics
Direct observation of coherent elastic antineutrino–nucleus scattering
相干彈性反中微子-核散射的直接觀測
▲ 作者：N. Ackermann, H. Bonet, A. Bonhomme, C. Buck, K. Fülber, J. Hakenmüller, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09322-2
▲摘要：
中微子是一種基本粒子，與物質(zhì)的相互作用非常微弱。因此，中微子實驗通常規(guī)模很大，實驗質(zhì)量在數(shù)噸范圍內(nèi)。中微子在原子核上的相干彈性散射的無閾值相互作用大大提高了相互作用率，有望實現(xiàn)更小的探測器。對該過程的研究有助于深入了解超越粒子物理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模型的物理學(xué)。
CONUS+實驗旨在用核反應(yīng)堆中產(chǎn)生的低能中微子率先探測在完全相干狀態(tài)下的彈性中微子-核散射。為此，研究組開發(fā)了基于極低能量閾值的高純度鍺晶體的半導(dǎo)體探測器。他們報道了在瑞士萊布施塔特核電站進行的CONUS+實驗中，首次觀測到一個統(tǒng)計顯著性為3.7σ的中微子信號。
在反應(yīng)堆運行的119天內(nèi)，研究組共測量到（395±106）個中微子，而根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物理模型計算得出的預(yù)測值為（347±59）次事件。隨著精度的提高，未來有望取得重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此，CONUS+的結(jié)果結(jié)合該相互作用通道的其他測量數(shù)據(jù)，有望揭開中微子物理學(xué)新時代的序幕。
▲ Abstract：
Neutrinos are elementary particles that interact only very weakly with matter. Neutrino experiments are, therefore, usually big, with masses in the multi-tonne range. The thresholdless interaction of coherent elastic scattering of neutrinos on atomic nuclei leads to greatly enhanced interaction rates, which allows for much smaller detectors. The study of this process gives insights into physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The CONUS+ experiment was designed to first detect elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering in the fully coherent regime with low-energy neutrinos produced in nuclear reactors. For this purpose, semiconductor detectors based on high-purity germanium crystals with extremely low-energy thresholds were developed. Here we report the first observation of a neutrino signal with a statistical significance of 3.7σ from the CONUS+ experiment, operated at the nuclear power plant in Leibstadt, Switzerland. In 119?days of reactor operation (395?±?106) neutrinos were measured compared with a predicted number from calculations assuming Standard Model physics of (347?±?59) events. With increased precision, there is potential for fundamental discoveries in the future. The CONUS+ results in combination with other measurements of this interaction channel might therefore mark a starting point for a new era in neutrino physics.
材料科學(xué)Materials Science
Quantum correlations of spontaneous two-photon emission from a quantum dot
量子點自發(fā)雙光子發(fā)射的量子關(guān)聯(lián)
▲ 作者：Shunfa Liu, Yangpeng Wang, Yasser Saleem, Xueshi Li, Hanqing Liu, Cheng-Ao Yang, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09267-6
▲摘要：
自發(fā)雙光子發(fā)射（STPE）是一種二階量子輻射過程，在天體物理學(xué)、原子物理學(xué)和量子技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域廣泛存在。特別是，長期以來人們一直預(yù)測，單量子發(fā)射器的按需STPE將變革光子量子科學(xué)和技術(shù)。
研究組報道了STPE的亮度可與單個半導(dǎo)體量子點與高質(zhì)量微柱腔確定性耦合的競爭性單光子輻射相媲美。這是因為微腔中強烈的真空漲落，將雙激子直接驅(qū)動到基態(tài)。研究組利用光子統(tǒng)計測量，展示了與腔量子電動力學(xué)體系中STPE相關(guān)的量子性質(zhì)。
此外，利用STPE構(gòu)建非常規(guī)糾纏量子光源，可以同時實現(xiàn)自發(fā)參數(shù)下轉(zhuǎn)換源的近單位糾纏保真度和原子量子發(fā)射器的按需光子發(fā)射。該工作提供了對量子狀態(tài)下雙光子過程的深入見解，有望實現(xiàn)非線性量子輻射賦能光子量子技術(shù)。
▲ Abstract：
Spontaneous two-photon emission (STPE) is a second-order quantum radiation process with implications in astrophysics, atomic physics and quantum technology. In particular, on-demand STPE from single quantum emitters has long been predicted to revolutionize photonic quantum science and technology. Here we report STPE with brightness comparable to that of competing single-photon radiation from a single semiconductor quantum dot deterministically coupled to a high-quality micropillar cavity. This is because of strong vacuum fluctuations in the microcavity, which drive a biexciton directly to the ground state. We show the quantum nature associated with STPE in the cavity quantum electrodynamics regime using photon statistics measurements. Furthermore, STPE is exploited to build unconventional entangled quantum light sources that can simultaneously achieve near-unity entanglement fidelity for spontaneous parametric down-conversion sources and on-demand photon emission for atomic quantum emitters. Our work provides insights into the two-photon process in the quantum regime, which could empower photonic quantum technology with nonlinear quantum radiation.
Liquid–liquid interfacial tension stabilized Li-metal batteries
液-液界面張力穩(wěn)定的鋰金屬電池
▲ 作者：Haijin Ji, Jingwei Xiang, Yong Li, Mengting Zheng, Lixia Yuan, Yaqi Liao, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09293-4
▲摘要：
人們認(rèn)為鋰（Li）金屬陽極與高鎳陰極的組合有望超過500 Wh kg-1的閾值。接近如此高的能量密度時，能夠穩(wěn)定陽極和陰極界面的電解質(zhì)對于確保電池的安全性和長期循環(huán)性至關(guān)重要。盡管陰離子衍生的無機界面在鋰側(cè)已取得了顯著成效，但開發(fā)同時保護兩側(cè)電極的本征策略仍是一個關(guān)鍵挑戰(zhàn)。
研究組報告了一種用于電解質(zhì)設(shè)計的微乳液策略，繞過了Li+溶劑化調(diào)節(jié)，并為兩側(cè)電極生成富氟化物界面相。具體而言，膠束和碳酸鹽溶劑之間的液-液界面張力（而非電場）推動氟化液滴向陽極和陰極運動。通過這種方式，兩側(cè)電極的界面結(jié)構(gòu)得以增強，并將其與溶劑化結(jié)構(gòu)策略解耦。
通過使用微乳液電解質(zhì)，兩種能量密度分別為531 Wh kg-1和547 Wh kg-1的軟包電池在189次和155次循環(huán)后分別保持了81%和79%的容量。液-液界面張力的引入為界面相調(diào)節(jié)和電解質(zhì)設(shè)計提供了新視角，為高壓鋰金屬電池的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
▲ Abstract：
A lithium (Li)-metal anode paired with a high-nickel cathode is considered to be a combination that holds promise to surpass the 500?Wh?kg?1 threshold. Approaching such high energy density, electrolytes capable of stabilizing both anode and cathode interphases are of importance to secure safe and long-term cycling. Although anion-derived inorganic interphases have shown remarkable success at the Li side, developing intrinsic strategies to concurrently protect both electrodes remains a key challenge. Here we report a micro-emulsion strategy for electrolyte design that bypasses the Li+ solvation regulation and produces fluoride-rich interphases for both electrodes. Specifically, liquid–liquid interfacial tension between the micelles and carbonate solvents, rather than the electric field, propels the motion of fluorinated droplets towards the anode and the cathode. In this way, the interphase construction of both electrodes can be enhanced and decoupled from the solvation structure strategy. Through use of the micro-emulsion electrolyte, two pouch full cells with energy densities of 531 Wh?kg?1 and 547?Wh?kg?1 retain 81% and 79% of their capacity after 189 and 155 cycles, respectively. The introduction of liquid–liquid interfacial tension provides a perspective for interphase regulation and electrolyte design, and paves the way for the development of high-voltage Li-metal batteries.
化學(xué)Chemistry
Dynamic kinetic resolution of phosphines with chiral supporting electrolytes
手性支撐電解質(zhì)對膦的動態(tài)動力學(xué)拆分
▲ 作者：Kaining Mao, Chenfei Liu, Yi Wang, Chaoxuan Gu, John M. Putziger, Nicholas I. Cemalovic, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09238-x
▲摘要：
由于手性中心在生物體系中的普遍存在以及同手性對分子性質(zhì)的影響，對映純化合物的合成一直是有機化學(xué)的研究焦點。隨著人們?nèi)找嬲J(rèn)識到電化學(xué)是改善有機合成范圍和可持續(xù)性的有力工具，越來越多的研究致力于開發(fā)不對稱電催化反應(yīng)以合成頗具挑戰(zhàn)性的手性分子。然而，許多有用的電化學(xué)反應(yīng)依賴于沒有催化劑的直接電解，這使其本質(zhì)上難以實現(xiàn)對映選擇性。
支撐電解質(zhì)是電化學(xué)系統(tǒng)中不可或缺的一部分，除了確保足夠的溶液導(dǎo)電性外，還可以影響電化學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)化的速率和選擇性。手性支撐電解質(zhì)可通過直接電解介導(dǎo)不對稱反應(yīng)，但其在有機電合成中的應(yīng)用很大程度上仍未被探索。
研究組描述了使用亞化學(xué)計量的手性磷酸鹽作為支撐電解質(zhì)，以促進外消旋三價膦氧化生成對映體富集的膦氧化物。該方法依賴于動態(tài)動力學(xué)拆分策略，利用陽極生成的磷酰基自由基陽離子的快速金字塔反轉(zhuǎn)，而在電極-電解質(zhì)界面處高濃度的手性磷酸鹽增強了限速親核加成過程中的對映選擇性控制。
該研究結(jié)果強調(diào)了手性支持電解質(zhì)促進自由基離子介導(dǎo)不對稱轉(zhuǎn)化的前景。
▲ Abstract：
The synthesis of enantiopure compounds is a central focus in organic chemistry owing to the prevalence of chiral centres in biological systems and the impact of homochirality on molecular properties. With growing recognition of electrochemistry as a powerful tool to improve the scope and sustainability of organic synthesis, increasing efforts have been directed towards developing asymmetric electrocatalytic reactions to access challenging chiral molecules. However, many useful electrochemical reactions rely on direct electrolysis without a catalyst, making them inherently difficult to render enantioselective. Supporting electrolytes are integral to electrochemical systems and, in addition to ensuring sufficient solution conductivity, they can influence the rate and selectivity of electrochemical transformations. Chiral supporting electrolytes can mediate asymmetric reactions via direct electrolysis, but their use in organic electrosynthesis remains largely unexplored. Here we describe the use of substoichiometric chiral phosphate salts as supporting electrolytes to facilitate the oxidation of racemic trivalent phosphines to afford enantioenriched phosphine oxides. Our approach relies on a dynamic-kinetic-resolution strategy that exploits the rapid pyramidal inversion of an anodically generated phosphoniumyl radical cation, while a high concentration of chiral phosphate at the electrode–electrolyte interface enhances enantioselective control during rate-limiting nucleophilic addition. Our results highlight the promise of chiral supporting electrolytes for promoting radical-ion-mediated asymmetric transformations.
機械工程Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical underwater adhesive devices for soft substrates
用于軟基材的機械水下粘附裝置
▲ 作者：Ziliang Kang, Johanna A. Gomez, Alisa MeiShan Ross, Ameya R. Kirtane, Ming Zhao, Yubin Cai, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09304-4
▲摘要：
在pH值和濕度極端波動的情況下，實現(xiàn)對動態(tài)、可再生軟基材的長期水下粘附仍是一個尚未解決的重大挑戰(zhàn)，對醫(yī)療保健、制造業(yè)、機器人和海洋應(yīng)用具有深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
研究組的靈感來自于長著特殊吸盤的?魚，并據(jù)此開發(fā)了機械水下軟粘附系統(tǒng)（MUSAS）。通過詳細(xì)的解剖學(xué)、行為學(xué)、物理學(xué)和仿生學(xué)研究，研究組揭示了?魚牢固粘附背后的關(guān)鍵物理原理和進化適應(yīng)機制。
這些見解指導(dǎo)了MUSAS的設(shè)計，展示出非凡的通用性，可以牢固地粘附在具有不同粗糙度、剛度和結(jié)構(gòu)完整性的一系列軟基材上。MUSAS的黏附力-重量比高達(dá)1391倍，在極端pH值和潮濕條件下也能保持良好的性能。
研究組驗證了其在高度可轉(zhuǎn)化模型中的實用性，包括體外、離體和體內(nèi)場景，實現(xiàn)了諸如超微型水生動態(tài)溫度傳感、無創(chuàng)胃食管反流監(jiān)測、長效抗逆轉(zhuǎn)錄病毒藥物遞送以及胃腸道信使RNA給藥等應(yīng)用。
▲ Abstract：
Achieving long-term underwater adhesion to dynamic, regenerating soft substrates that undergo extreme fluctuations in pH and moisture remains a major unresolved challenge, with far-reaching implications for healthcare, manufacturing, robotics and marine applications. Here, inspired by remoras—fish equipped with specialized adhesive discs—we developed the Mechanical Underwater Soft Adhesion System (MUSAS). Through detailed anatomical, behavioural, physical and biomimetic investigations of remora adhesion on soft substrates, we uncovered the key physical principles and evolutionary adaptations underlying their robust attachment. These insights guided the design of MUSAS, which shows extraordinary versatility, adhering securely to a wide range of soft substrates with varying roughness, stiffness and structural integrity. MUSAS achieves an adhesion-force-to-weight ratio of up to 1,391-fold and maintains performance under extreme pH and moisture conditions. We demonstrate its utility across highly translational models, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo settings, enabling applications such as ultraminiaturized aquatic kinetic temperature sensors, non-invasive gastroesophageal reflux monitoring, long-acting antiretroviral drug delivery and messenger RNA administration via the gastrointestinal tract.
地球科學(xué)Earth Science
Strategies for climate-resilient global wind and solar power systems
氣候適應(yīng)型全球風(fēng)能和太陽能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)戰(zhàn)略
▲ 作者：Dongsheng Zheng, Xizhe Yan, Dan Tong, Steven J. Davis, Ken Caldeira, Yuanyuan Lin, et al.
▲鏈接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09266-7
▲摘要：
氣候變化可能會加劇未來風(fēng)能和太陽能占比較高的電力系統(tǒng)中供需失衡的頻率和嚴(yán)重程度。
研究組使用調(diào)度優(yōu)化模型來評估在固定且高滲透的風(fēng)能和太陽能發(fā)電背景下，與氣候加劇供需缺口相關(guān)的每小時成本潛在增加情況。他們將進一步探討各種策略，以增強面對未來氣候變化的系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)性。
結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在大多數(shù)國家，極端時段（定義為每小時成本位于上十分位數(shù)的時段，即成本最高的10%時段）成本在未來可能會變得更高，主要是因為對靈活發(fā)電容量投資的需求增加。例如，在共享社會經(jīng)濟路徑SSP1-2.6情景下，預(yù)計47個國家（未來發(fā)電量之和約占全球的43.5%）在極端時段的平均每小時成本將增加5%以上，其中最大增幅將達(dá)到23.7%。
通過因地制宜制定國別戰(zhàn)略，協(xié)調(diào)執(zhí)行多項措施以解決供需失衡問題，并提高系統(tǒng)靈活性，可大幅降低成本上漲的風(fēng)險。該研究結(jié)果為在降低系統(tǒng)成本的同時建立未來的氣候適應(yīng)性電力系統(tǒng)提供了重要見解。
▲ Abstract：
Climate change may amplify the frequency and severity of supply–demand mismatches in future power systems with high shares of wind and solar energy. Here we use a dispatch optimization model to assess potential increases in hourly costs associated with the climate-intensified gaps under fixed, high penetrations of wind and solar energy generation. We further explore various strategies to enhance system resilience in the face of future climate change. We find that extreme periods—defined as hours in the upper decile of hourly costs (that is, the most costly 10% of hours)—are likely to become more costly in the future in most countries, mainly because of the increased need for investments in flexible energy capacity. For example, under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway SSP1–2.6 scenario, 47 countries that together account for approximately 43.5% of global future electricity generation are projected to experience more than a 5% increase in average hourly costs during extreme periods, with the largest reaching up to 23.7%. The risk of rising costs could be substantially mitigated through tailored, country-specific strategies involving the coordinated implementation of multiple measures to address supply–demand imbalances and enhance system flexibility. Our findings provide important insights for building future climate-resilient power systems while reducing system costs.
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